Assignment 2: Discussion—Ethical Considerations for Healthcare Reform

In this assignment, you will explore the ethical issues present in the healthcare system.

Research the ethical issues of reforming the healthcare systems in the United States and at least one other country using your textbook, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet.

Respond to the following:

  • Does the government have an ethical obligation to provide some form of healthcare for its citizens?
  • Identify the key features of the Affordable Care Act in the United States as well as the key features of healthcare proposals or systems in one other country.
    • In what ways do these features reflect a continuation of the existing system?
    • In what ways would they represent a significant overhaul?

Write your initial response a minimum of 200–300 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

Q2

How does the concept of the “learning organization” apply to health care and what attributes and processes must the organization possess?
Significance can be described by providing specific statistics or figures that indicate the magnitude of the issue. (remember to make clear connections with supporting information and course material in your answer)This is a discussion question requiring only  one or two paragraphs

Reference

Sollecito, W. A., & Johnson, J. K. (2013). Mclaughlin and Kaluzny’s continuous quality improvement in health care. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Purpose

  • CO 1 – Utilize prior knowledge of theories and principles of nursing and related disciplines to explain expected client behaviors, while differentiating between normal findings, variations, and abnormalities. (PO 1)
  • CO 5 – Explore the professional responsibilities involved in conducting a comprehensive health assessment and provide appropriate documentation. (PO 6)

The Assignment

The nursing process is utilized in a variety of nursing roles and health care settings. Whether you are working in direct patient care, telehealth, or in a leadership role – the basic model is the same! Take this opportunity to share how the nursing process is utilized in your own practice settings! Hint: Your assigned readings will be helpful in formulating your answers.

Please answer the following question in your initial post:

Describe how you apply the first step (assessment) of the nursing process in your current practice setting. If you are not currently practicing as an RN, you may use an example from a prior clinical or work experience. Include the following information:

  • Briefly describe your practice setting and the typical patient population.
  • Provide examples of key subjective and objective data points you collect.
  • Describe how you document your findings. Is there technology involved?
  • Describe your process of data analysis. What is the end result of this process? (i.e., Do you formulate nursing diagnoses and care plans, collaborate with others and/or make referrals?)

Remember to use and credit the textbook or lesson, as well as an outside scholarly source, for full credit.

Discussion Question due 8/26

Review the following research questions.

1.Is the use of soap and water or alcohol-based rubs more effective in preventing nosocomial infections?

2.How effective are anti-depressive medications on anxiety and depression?

3.For patients of 70 years and older, how effective is the use of the influenza vaccine at preventing flu as compared to patients who have not received the vaccine?

4.What is the relationship between alcohol and breast cancer?

5.What is the difference between self-efficacy scores in older adults who exercise and the scores of those who do not?

6.What is the difference in attitudes of male and female college students toward condoms?

Next, select 3 of the above questions and address the following:

•Identify an appropriate research design.

•Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the design.

•Provide a rationale for the design you selected

Select three research questions from the list of research questions; for each research question describe the following:

     *  Identify an appropriate research design to support the research question

     *  Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the selected research design

     *  Provide a rationale for the selected research design (in other words, explain how the research design supports the purpose of the research and research question)

PAPER NEED TO BE APA STYLE REFERENCE NO OLFER THAN 5 years old and plagiarism less than 16% 

Over the duration of the semester, you will individually complete a semester long project comprised of three deliverables with due dates across the weekly modules. The culmination of the project will be a compensation and benefits report delivered via a paper submission in Module/Week 7. The intent of the semester project is to provide you with a structured mechanism to build a comprehensive compensation and benefits report based upon an organization while using market data you acquire through Internet based research. The final paper must follow the below structure.
Project scenario details:
1. You are an independent compensation and benefits analyst who has been contracted by an organization to redesign the compensation and benefits package of an aged job role within the organization. The job role is an active position within the organization, and the organization has recognized the compensation and benefits package of the role is out of date compared to the current market place. A redesign is required so that the organization can successfully recruit new employees.
a. Fully describe the organization that has contracted your services to provide the context and environment in which the organization operates. You are free to pick the organization.
b. Suggested organization types are public educational institutions, private non-profits, global multinational enterprises, etc…
2. The organization has asked you to redesign the compensation and benefits package for one specific aged role within their organization.
a. You are free to pick the role that requires redesign. Fully describe the role and how the role fits into the organization.
b. Suggestions include: cyber security engineer, professor of biology, high school physics teacher, CEO of a global multinational enterprise, management consultant, etc…
3. Perform market research to determine the range and variations of the compensation and benefits packages of the chosen job role across the current market place.
a. Internet sources include but are not limited to: Bureau of Labor Statistics, O*Net, Texas Tribune, etc…
b. Determine the variations by (at minimum):
i. Fixed compensation
ii. Variable compensation
iii. Non-monetary rewards
iv. Mandated benefits
v. Voluntary benefits
vi. Those specifically relevant to the job role
c. Record and document all data from each specific source. The documented data must be used to construct min/max ranges for each of the above compensation and benefits categories. All sources must be referenced.
4. Report all compiled data that are relevant to the role for the market research.
a. A table(s) is recommended to display all data from all sources.
b. Tables are expected to have some missing values as some sources may only report some data (i.e., one source may only report compensation data and a second source may only report benefits data).
5. Construct a detailed compensation and benefits package for the chosen job role. The recommendation should be robust, include all of the aforementioned categories (at minimum), and provide recommended ranges for each category. Consider the reality of the context and environment of the organization when designing the compensation and benefits package.
6. Provide an executive management summary section of the research steps, research sources, data, and reasoning behind the recommended compensation and benefits package. This summary should be robust yet succinct enough for an executive manager to quickly read and understand the scope of the project and recommendations.
7. Reflect upon the project and describe (as if describing it to the instructor) how the project clarified the course material, what you learned from the market research, how the project could be applied to actual work scenarios.
 
A written research proposal outlining the chosen organization, job role with compensation and benefit package that is to be redesigned, and planned research actions. The assignment must be 300-500 word requirement. APA format is not required at this stage. THE COMPANY THAT I WOULD LIKE TO CHOOSE IS AMAZON AND MY JOB ROLE AS A BENEFITS SPECIALIST. THIS ASSIGMNET WILL BE IN MANY PIECES. SO THE PERSON THAT I CHOSE WILL DO THE ENTIRE PROJET.
 

The Admission Committee considers your Career Goals Statement to be an essential part of your application. While factors such as cumulative grade point average and social work-related experience are important, your rationale for entering the social work profession, your self-awareness, creativity, critical thinking and writing skills are major factors committee members consider when reviewing your application. Respond openly and honestly to each section.
The average statement length is four pages; submissions exceeding six pages are discouraged. Please double-space your statement, use a font size of no less than 12 and put your name in the upper right corner of each page. Answer questions 1-6 below. Answering question 6 is optional.
Prior to writing your essay, review the NASW Code of Ethics.
RATIONALE
Identify significant factors that influenced your decision to pursue a Master of Social Work (MSW degree and how you intend to use it in the future. (1-2 paragraphs)
SOCIAL WORK VALUES AND ETHICS
Describe your understanding of the social work profession and its core values. Compare your own values with the professional social work values, any potential value based or ethical conflicts you might experience and how you plan to address or reconcile these conflicts (whether it be in the classroom, in field, in future practice or in any other areas). (1 page)
PERSONAL & PROFESSIONAL ATTRIBUTES AND LIABILITIES
Describe any cultural, economic or social challenges and/or opportunities that have provided you with a unique perspective about social work issues. What insights have you gained from these experiences about how to maintain professional judgement and performance during times of distress? (1 page)
EMPLOYMENT AND VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCES
Discuss the relationship between your educational, employment and volunteer experiences and what qualities equip you for the social work profession. Describe your experiences and feelings about working with populations different from your own. (1 Page)
WORK LIFE BALANCE
Explain your plan for managing your graduate education. Consider how you will balance work, family and other responsibilities with the required courses, homework and internship responsibilities. (2-3 paragraphs)
OPTIONAL
Please address any special academic or other considerations that you would like GSSW to consider in the review of your application.

# 4 Final Paper/Presentation:The purpose of this assignment is to develop skills for systematically evaluating evidence by researching and analyzing a timely topic in professional nursing. The emphasis of this assignment is on finding accurate, reliable sources, evaluating the sources, and summarizing the findings on how the evidence can inform nursing practice.The final paper/presentation grade is worth 35% of the average of the course final grade. There are three components to this grade worth 35%.

#1 Submission of the topic on 3/6/17 (worth 20%)

#2 Final written paper (worth 40%)

#3 Video Presentation (worth 40%)

The student will receive one final grade that represents all of these assignments.

To begin this assignment, student(s) will select a topic that you find fascinating and want to know more about. The topic or issue should come from areas of nursing research. These websites can help to provide you with timely research topics in nursing:

· National Institute for Nursing Research http://www.ninr.nih.gov/researchandfunding/researchhighlights

· National League for Nursing

http://www.nln.org/professional-development-programs/research/research-priorities-in-nursing-education

· American Nurses Association

http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/JournalTopics

The purpose of the paper is to critically appraise and assess the evidence on a topic that interests you. This is not an assignment where you only summarize the authors’ conclusions. It is a synthesis of the information presented that leads to your conclusion about the topic.

The paper should include at least six peer-reviewed primary research articles from either nursing, biomedical, and/or humanities literature. All references should be recent (i.e., within the past ten years). To help you become familiar with the range of knowledge available in different kinds of nursing journals, try to include references from a general nursing journal, a clinical specialty nursing journal, and a research nursing journal.

The paper should mimic a standard research study and include the following headings. The question(s) in the parenthesis following each heading in the below list is provided as an aid to help guide your writing. The break down for length of each section is only a suggestion.

· IntroductionIntroduce your group topic and its significance (1/2 page)

· BackgroundWhat do we currently know about your topic? (1/2 page)

· Methods How did you search for the studies? What was the inclusion criteria? (1/2 page)

· AnalysisWhat are the purposes of the studies? Are key concepts clearly defined? What are the study designs? What are the samples? What are the outcomes studied? How are the studies similar and/or different and possible reasons why? What are the strengths and the weaknesses of the studies? (1 page for each article)

· Results Based on your analysis, is there strong and convincing evidence regarding your topic? (1/2 page)

· Discussion What do you conclude about this topic? What are the next steps for nursing? (1/2 page)

Paper length can range from 8 to 10 pages excluding title page, abstract, and references.

Document attached

Question Description

At times, patient self-determination (autonomy) is in conflict with the values and beliefs of healthcare providers. Paternalism is no longer accepted as the basis for patient care decisions. 

In this assignment, you will examine the ethical decision making process along with legal and political issues involved in the decision making process.

Tasks:

Consider the components of patient autonomy and empowerment in determining healthcare outcomes.

In a 6- to 8-page essay, post your response to the following case: 

Ann is a seventy-seven-year-old grandmother. She has one daughter and three grandchildren. Two years ago, she was diagnosed with moderately advanced Alzheimer’s disease, which causes her to have periods of confusion, frustration, anger, and obsessive thinking. When speaking, she is uncertain and her speech patterns are choppy. Before her mental deterioration, Ann was a woman of love, intelligence, and patience. Realizing they were getting older, she and her husband, Frank, discussed their wishes should anything happen to them. She told Frank that if there was no chance of survival, she would not want to be hooked to a breathing machine. They never got around to filing any papers.

Frank is a sweet and sensitive man. His wife’s state frightens him. Ann’s love for him has been the focus of his life for sixty years. His urgent desire for the best care for Ann shows his devotion and love. Their daughter, Sarah, is a businesswoman. She is a hard worker and a good mother. She is forty-five, successful, and intelligent. Although she loves her parents dearly, she lives ten hours away. She regrets not seeing much of them, especially recently. Frank feels his role is to take care of Ann. He has spent the past year with her, watching after her, cooking for her, cleaning the home, and witnessing her deterioration. Finally, Ann is unable to walk alone safely and he finds he must have her admitted to a long-term care facility. He calls Sarah to come and help with the arrangements. After having Ann admitted to a local nursing home, both Frank and Sarah remember the pleading look in Ann’s eyes as they walk away.

After three weeks in the nursing home, Ann starts to cough and run a fever. She is seen by doctors and diagnosed as having pneumonia. She is transferred to a local hospital, where she is given intravenous antibiotics. Although the progress of her pneumonia is halted by the antibiotics, she stops talking and refuses to eat. The physician calls Frank to insert a feeding tube. Frank calls Sarah to ask what to do. They wonder, Is a feeding tube equivalent to a breathing machine? Would it be possible to allow Ann to lie there and die of starvation? Is that murder? What would she want? What is the right thing to do? (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008).

Respond to the following:

  • How do your values influence your interpretation of an ethical dilemma?
  • Using the ethical decision making process, describe each step of the process the nurse would use to help the family work through this ethical issue.
  • Are there any legal and/or political issues involved in this issue?
  • Identify two journal articles in which the same ethical issue was addressed. How was the issue resolved?

Support your findings with examples and scholarly references. Apply APA standards to citation of sources

PUBLIC HEALTH
Ethics in Epidemiological Research
An Experimental Study in the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Imagine that researchers are conducting a randomized controlled trial of a high-fiber supplement as a preventive measure in persons at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. People enrolled in the study are disease-free at the time they agree to participate in the trial, but they all have a family history of type 2 diabetes and are considered at high-risk (80%) to develop the disease during their lifetime. The 10,000 participants who start the trial are healthy individuals who are randomly allocated to receive either high-fiber supplements or placebo for several years. As you can imagine, this study will be quite expensive and will require a large infrastructure of personnel and materials to carry it out successfully.
Because type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, the potential benefits of this research are important at a population level. Unfortunately, high-fiber supplements have also been shown in a few studies to be associated with gastrointestinal blockage (which can be life-threatening) and reduced nutrient absorption, which may lead to anemia, osteoporosis, and other debilitating chronic diseases. The supplements may also reduce absorption of certain medications and cause gastrointestinal distress. The potential side effects of continuous high-fiber supplementation are only partially understood, and long-term effects are unknown.
Post your initial response to at least two of the following questions:
1. What are the potential risks and benefits to be considered when designing this study?
2. When the side effects and long-term effects of a potential preventive measure are largely unknown, is it ethical to expose participants to these risks? Why or why not?
3. Is it ethical to deny the possible prevention benefits of high-fiber supplements to persons in the placebo group? Why or why not?
4. Do the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks to the participants and to society? Why or why not?

Having a is critical for the financial stability of an organization. Keeping track of how well the organization is actually adhering to the budget, and subsequent identification of why the budget numbers are being missed is equally important. Without this critical “why” piece, it is difficult to make the necessary adjustments to the budget or to organizational behavior that might be promoting overspending.

A good budget is built with thoughtful consideration of future costs and revenue. Though your budget is formulated with expected figures in mind, the actual resulting values may vary considerably. This variance–from projected to actual–can be a pleasant surprise or a fiscal nightmare and can make financial decision making difficult. Fortunately, variance analysis can enable management to determine why variance occurred and what can be done to mitigate its effects.

Formula need to be shown with correct anwers

  • Use the Excel spreadsheet template for the Week 8 assignment
  • Show all your calculations and formulas in the spreadsheet.
  • Answer any questions included with the problems (as text in the Excel spreadsheet).