Respond on two different days who selected different treatments and factors than you, in the following ways:

Offer alternative common treatments for the disorders.

Share insight on how the factor you selected impacts the treatment of alterations of digestive function.

                                                        Main Post

Many patients will present with disease processes that have the same or similar symptoms, and it will be the responsibility of the practitioner to diagnose and provide treatment accurately. The gastrointestinal tract is one area where misdiagnoses occur due to the common signs and symptoms. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome are two common misdiagnosed disorders that will be explored, the pathophysiology explained, proper treatment, and the effects gender has on these diseases.

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome 

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises three key disorders; Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and microscopic colitis all attributed to an inflammation process but each affects the body differently. Research by El-Salhy and Hausken (2016) explains that the inflammation in Crohn’s disease is transmural in nature and occurs in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, while the inflammation in ulcerative colitis is more superficial and affects the rectocolonic mucosa, and the inflammation in microscopic manifests as mucosal and submucosal infiltration of immune cells without ulcerations or crypt abscesses and occurs in the colon.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease, although the pathophysiology is still not fully understood. Combination of low-grade mucosal inflammation with visceral hypersensitivity and impaired bowel motility could be the underlying etiology for IBS pathogenesis (Chong et al., 2019). Alterations in the gut microbiota and dietary choices play a central role in disease development. According to O’Malley (2019), IBS is complex multifactorial pathophysiology, that involves dysfunction of the bi-directional signaling axis between the brain and the gut, this axis incorporates efferent and afferent branches of the autonomic nervous system, circulating endocrine hormones and immune factors, local paracrine and neurocrine factors and microbial metabolites. 

Treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Treatment for IBS and IBD focuses on treating not only the symptoms but the underlying cause of the disease. Treatment for IBS includes; dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-absorbable antibiotics, mixed μ-opioid receptor agonist–δ-opioid receptor antagonist and κ-opioid receptor agonist, Serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin (SBI), and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).  Treatment for IBD is more complex due to IBD being composed of three different diseases, each requires different treatment plans, but there is some crossover. Corticosteroids, probiotics, immunomodulatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antitumor necrosis factor therapy, anti-interleukin 12/23 antibody drugs, janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, SMAD 7 inhibitor, and FMT are treatments available for IBD. 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) are the first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with UC (Su et al., 2019). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy works well on both UC and CD, JAK inhibitor works for UC and not CD, SMAD 7 inhibitor works for CD but not UC.

Gender’s Affect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Research conducted by Kosako, Akiho, Miwa, Kanazawa, and Fukudo (2018) acknowledges that the higher prevalence of IBS in women compared with men may be associated with sex hormone fluctuations, which reportedly affect IBS symptoms, with symptoms appearing stronger before menstruation. Women may also receive a delay in treatment to both IBD and IBS due to the perceived perception of pain being misdiagnosed by the primary care practitioner. 

Conclusion

The gastrointestinal tract has many disorders where the signs and symptoms are the same. It is imperative that the practitioner distinguishes between diseases as the therapies can become complicated. The practitioner must do a comprehensive physical exam, as well as a health history with the patient to determine the path towards diagnosis. Laboratory data and imaging can also play a key role in determining the proper treatment plan and diagnosis. Unsuccessful medical treatment will warrant more invasive procedures in an attempt to visualize the underlying issue.

                                                                                                                                 References

Chong, P. P., Chin, V. K., Looi, C. Y., Wong, W. F., Madhavan, P., & Yong, V. C. (2019). The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome–A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1136.. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01136

El-Salhy, M., & Hausken, T. (2016). The role of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neuropeptides, 55, 137–144. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.005

Kosako, M., Akiho, H., Miwa, H., Kanazawa, M., & Fukudo, S. (2018). Impact of symptoms by gender and age in Japanese subjects with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C): A large population-based internet survey. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 12(1). https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1186/s13030-018-0131-2

O’Malley, D. (2019). Endocrine regulation of gut function – a role for glucagon‐like peptide‐1 in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Experimental Physiology, 104(1), 3–10. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1113/EP087443

Su, H.-J., Chiu, Y.-T., Chiu, C.-T., Lin, Y.-C., Wang, C.-Y., Hsieh, J.-Y., & Wei, S.-C. (2019). Inflammatory bowel disease and its treatment in 2018: Global and Taiwanese status updates. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 118(7), 1083–1092. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.07.005Many patients will present with disease processes that have the same or similar symptoms, and it will be the responsibility of the practitioner to diagnose and provide treatment accurately. The gastrointestinal tract is one area where misdiagnoses occur due to the common signs and symptoms. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome are two common misdiagnosed disorders that will be explored, the pathophysiology explained, proper treatment, and the effects gender has on these diseases.

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome 

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises three key disorders; Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and microscopic colitis all attributed to an inflammation process but each affects the body differently. Research by El-Salhy and Hausken (2016) explains that the inflammation in Crohn’s disease is transmural in nature and occurs in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, while the inflammation in ulcerative colitis is more superficial and affects the rectocolonic mucosa, and the inflammation in microscopic manifests as mucosal and submucosal infiltration of immune cells without ulcerations or crypt abscesses and occurs in the colon.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease, although the pathophysiology is still not fully understood. Combination of low-grade mucosal inflammation with visceral hypersensitivity and impaired bowel motility could be the underlying etiology for IBS pathogenesis (Chong et al., 2019). Alterations in the gut microbiota and dietary choices play a central role in disease development. According to O’Malley (2019), IBS is complex multifactorial pathophysiology, that involves dysfunction of the bi-directional signaling axis between the brain and the gut, this axis incorporates efferent and afferent branches of the autonomic nervous system, circulating endocrine hormones and immune factors, local paracrine and neurocrine factors and microbial metabolites. 

Treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Treatment for IBS and IBD focuses on treating not only the symptoms but the underlying cause of the disease. Treatment for IBS includes; dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-absorbable antibiotics, mixed μ-opioid receptor agonist–δ-opioid receptor antagonist and κ-opioid receptor agonist, Serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin (SBI), and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).  Treatment for IBD is more complex due to IBD being composed of three different diseases, each requires different treatment plans, but there is some crossover. Corticosteroids, probiotics, immunomodulatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antitumor necrosis factor therapy, anti-interleukin 12/23 antibody drugs, janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, SMAD 7 inhibitor, and FMT are treatments available for IBD. 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) are the first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with UC (Su et al., 2019). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy works well on both UC and CD, JAK inhibitor works for UC and not CD, SMAD 7 inhibitor works for CD but not UC.

Gender’s Affect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Research conducted by Kosako, Akiho, Miwa, Kanazawa, and Fukudo (2018) acknowledges that the higher prevalence of IBS in women compared with men may be associated with sex hormone fluctuations, which reportedly affect IBS symptoms, with symptoms appearing stronger before menstruation. Women may also receive a delay in treatment to both IBD and IBS due to the perceived perception of pain being misdiagnosed by the primary care practitioner. 

Conclusion

The gastrointestinal tract has many disorders where the signs and symptoms are the same. It is imperative that the practitioner distinguishes between diseases as the therapies can become complicated. The practitioner must do a comprehensive physical exam, as well as a health history with the patient to determine the path towards diagnosis. Laboratory data and imaging can also play a key role in determining the proper treatment plan and diagnosis. Unsuccessful medical treatment will warrant more invasive procedures in an attempt to visualize the underlying issue.

System Structures Overview – Financial Structure in Healthcare (Health Information Systems)

Create a 12- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation, with detailed speaker notes, describing how the data regarding Healthcare Financial Structure – in reference to Health Information Systems. Your presentation must include the following information:

  • How does your selected structure impact the delivery of health care?
  • What is the impact of future evolutions of your selected structure on the delivery of health care?
  • What are the implications of privacy and security management as it relates to your selected structure?
  • Identify the steps in the system development life cycle of the chosen information structure.
  • What training can be provided to implement this structure?
  • What maintenance components are necessary for this structure?
  • How can the data be used and how can quality of the data be assured? How can you evaluate the effectiveness of the structure?
  • Are there any hardware issues to consider?

Q2

Australian healthcare system

What are some of the challenges facing the Australian government in dealing with the delivery of the healthcare system, which is large and complex? What changes are needed to make the healthcare system efficient and effective? This assignment should be 1-2 pages long. Document any sources you use in APA format.

Reflection Assignment 1: Meeting Essential IX

This week, reflect up your personal nursing philosophy as it has evolved over the course of your RN-BSN program at West Coast University. Identify specific theorists you feel you most identify with. How does your personal nursing philosophy, and the work you completed in your program support evidence of meeting the following?

Essential IX: Baccalaureate Generalist Nursing Practice

http://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/Publications/BaccEssentials08.pdf

Outcome #18: Develop an awareness of patients’ as well as healthcare professionals’ spiritual beliefs and values and how those beliefs and values impact health care.

Review your past academic work, evaluate your effectiveness at meeting this program essential, and ponder the impact that this proficiency will have on your future.

Identify how you met the essential by referring to the assignment(s) specifically in your response. Additionally, reflect upon and make connections between your academic experience and real-world applications. 

Your reflection should be 2 pages and APA formatted. Reference and cite any sources you use.

RUBRICS

The writer clearly and effectively responds to the assignment. The writer thoughtfully and eloquently evaluates his/her effectiveness at meeting the program essential(s), and ponders the future as it relates to this accomplishment. The writer makes clear and meaningful connections between academics and real-world applications. The student is aptly able to describe growth and development in becoming a professional nurse.

There is one clear, well- focused topic. Main ideas are clear and are well supported by detailed and accurate information. The student showcases relevant assignment(s) and course work that support the essentials and outcomes indicated. The student directly references relevant assignments/ course work in his/her reflection.

The introduction is engaging, states the main topic, and provides an overview of the paper. Information is relevant and presented in a logical order. The conclusion is strong and definitive. Reflection has a logical progression of thought and information.

The assignment consistently follows current APA format and is free from errors in formatting, citations, and references. No grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. All sources are cited and referenced correctly.

professional Nursing organization

Choose a professional nursing organization that relates to the nursing profession or your clinical practice area. Assuming that you are the chairperson of membership for the organization, create a full-page flyer designed to recruit new members to the professional organization. In your flyer, include:

  1. The function of the organization, as well as its mission and vision.
  2. Potential advantages of membership in the organization.
  3. Provide resource information for new members, including contact information, membership requirements, and organizational endorsements (i.e., what other members or other organizations are saying about the selected organization).
  4. Create a topic for an upcoming meeting that would appeal to your target audience.

While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines,this assignment uses a rubric.

1. Describe the similarities and differences that exist between inpatient healthcare facilities and outpatient healthcare facilities. Give three examples of inpatient facilities and three examples of outpatient facilities. Be sure to include information about the services each facility named provides.
Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

2. Discuss the usage of data in health care today. As a healthcare administrator, how would you make the best use of data that you have collected? Be sure to consider national data, state data, and facility data in your answer.
Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

3. Discuss how expanded life spans and the new opportunities people have to obtain preventive health screenings as a result of the Affordable Care Act have affected how often people utilize healthcare services.
Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

4. You are the administrator of a 250-bed hospital in the Midwest. A recent report from your county tells you that the population within a 25-mile radius of your facility is getting younger. The median age has decreased from 35 years of age to 29 years of age, which is related to the opening of a new college campus. How will this transition to a younger patient population affect your facility? Are there services in your facility that may need to be expanded? Are there services in your facility that many need to be reduced or eliminated? How might these changes impact staffing for your facility?
Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

In 5- to 7-pages, discuss the following:
    
1.The impact of changing legal and regulatory environments on public health practice. Consider specific changes to health policy and law in recent years and explore how such changes will impact the practice of public health. Be sure to assess impacts to health status, financial implications, ethics, sustainability, etc.
   
 2.The advantages and disadvantages of collaboration among public health organizations. Consider how working with individuals from different backgrounds may prove valuable, while simultaneously challenging; approximately three to five pros and three to five cons should be discussed.
  
 3. The perspectives on the benefits, costs, and burdens of public health programs. Consider current views (patient, provider, government, etc.) of public health and its worth to the healthcare system. Comment on the difference in cost (monetary and otherwise) and benefits associated with healthcare systems that promote  prevention.

NOTE: Your paper should incorporate published evidence to support your discussion of ethics and law in public health, multidisciplinary strategies in public health, and perceptions of public health initiatives.

Hello i need a Good and Positive Comment related with this argument .A paragraph with no more 100 words.Kristie Keel6 postsRe:Topic 1 DQ 1Science does not pay respect to spirituality faith and religion. Science focuses on facts and data. After working many years in the nursing field I fell like this conflict is improving but still exists. Medical schools nursing schools and healthcare systems in recent years has made an concerted effort to increase awareness to cultural religion and spirituality helping healthcare professionals become more aware of how to treat the whole patient. The focus of healthcare has added more compassion into practice and to take into account patients mental needs as well as physical wellness. To me the physical is the science perspective and the mental is a more religious perspective. Science and religion shouls work together for the good of the whole patient just like physical and mental health work together for holistic care. When we are mindful to the various elements of the human experience and are acutely aware of the sacred responsibility we hold when we treat the [body] of another person and we are humbled by the beauty sensitivity and complexity of the design of the human body and spirit. it is that moment that we do our best work and are in service to the well-being of the patient and we are grateful for the fulfilling experience of restoring health to that person. Rota J. (2017). Mirror of the body. Retrieved from Goodread>quotes>tag>holistisic-health.

Foundation Nursing Critique paper

Nursing critique paper

For this project, you will select and critique a nursing theory of your choice.  You will:

  1. Write an original paper.
  2. Submit it to the dropbox for a grade based on the rubric.

The following are some conceptual models and theories you may choose from; however, you may choose any nurse theorist:

  • Florence Nightengale’s Environmental Model
  • Catherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory
  • Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model
  • Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Process Theory
  • Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory
  • Ida Jean Orlando’s Nursing Process
  • Sister Calista Roy’s Adaptation Model
  • Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
  • Jean Watson’s Nursing as Caring Theory
  • Margaret Newman’s Health Expanding Consciousness
  • Martha Roger’s Science of Unitary of Human Being
  • Abdellah’s Patient-Centered Approaches Theory

Steps to follow to do your critique:

  • You can visit the Fitne website to watch videos about the above mentioned theorist.
  • You can use the Internet to find a journal or articles that provides an analysis and critique of a theory of nursing as a resource to start working with your own critique. 
  • You need to login entering the following information: 
    • Username: medical center campus
    • Password: medical
    • Under the Nurse Theorists: Portraits of Excellence (Volume I) link select the theorist of your choice
    • On the left navigation area select a topic to view   
  • You must use the criteria for analysis and critique of theories in Chapter 1 of the George text book. 
  • You will select the link “Library Resources” found under the “NUR3846 – Library” tab (located on left-side of screen) to do your research and complete your literature review of the model/theory you selected.
  • You may physically visit the library in person as well, and ask for help from the library staff.

Your critique must have the following headings and follow APA Guidelines.

No one is immune to the rising costs of health care. Consider the following news stories:

“In 2008, the average premium for a family plan purchased through an employer was $12,680, nearly the annual earnings of a full-time minimum wage job” (Halle & Seshamani, 2009, Introduction, para. 1).

“President Obama’s health care law is putting new strains on some of the nation’s most hard-pressed hospitals, by cutting aid they use to pay for emergency care for illegal immigrants, which they have long been required to provide” (Bernstein, 2012, para. 1).

“Doctors in America are harboring an embarrassing secret: Many of them are going broke. This quiet reality, which is spreading nationwide, is claiming a wide range of casualties, including family physicians, cardiologists and oncologists…Doctors list shrinking insurance reimbursements, changing regulations, rising business and drug costs among the factors preventing them from keeping their practices afloat” (Kavilanz, 2012, para. 1, 2, 5).

In this Discussion, you examine the overall state of health care costs in America, the different factors impacting the finances of health care organizations, and the effect of rising costs on all stakeholders.

To prepare:

Review the Learning Resources on the level of health care spending in the United States.

Consider the ramifications of continuing at this level of spending as well as issues involved with reducing spending.

Reflect on which stakeholders (payers, providers, and the general population) should be responsible for making decisions on health care spending.

I need to Post an assessment of the consequences (on payers, providers, and the general population) of continuing current levels of health care spending in the United States as well as the potential consequences of reducing the level of spending. Explain which stakeholders should make health care spending decisions and why.

And 

Read a selection of my colleagues’ responses and Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days using one or more of the following approaches:

Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, and evidence.

Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own review of the literature in the Walden Library. (I will send the responses soon)

Validate an idea with your own experience and additional sources.

Required Readings

Baker, J., & Baker, R. W. (2014). Health care finance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Chapter 1, “Introduction to Health Care Finance” (pp. 3–10)

In this chapter, you are introduced to the four key elements of financial management as well as the two types of accounting. These help set the stage for the weeks to come.

Chapter 4, “Revenues (Inflow)” (pp. 31–40)

This chapter focuses on how health organizations receive revenue for services and highlights the different sources of revenue.

 McClellan, M. (2011). Reforming payments to healthcare providers: The key to slowing health care cost growth while improving quality? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(2), 69–92.

Copyright 2011 by American Economic Association. Reprinted by permission of American Economic Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This article discusses the need for cost control in health care costs, as well as the impact for patients, providers, and physicians. The author highlights provider payment reforms that may be key to promoting quality and cutting costs.

 Kaplan, R. S., Witkowski, M., Abbott, M., Barboza Guzman, A., Higgins, L. D., Meara, J. G., & … Feeley, T. W. (2014). Using time-driven activity-based costing to identify value improvement opportunities in healthcare. Journal Of Healthcare Management, 59(6), 399–412. 

Copyright 2014 by Health Administration Press. Reprinted by permission of  Health Administration Press via the Copyright Clearance Center. 

This article discusses the importance of better outcomes and lower costs when delivering care to patients.

 Miller, H. (2011). Transitioning to accountable care: Incremental payment reforms to support higher quality, more affordable health care. Pittsburg, PA: Center for Health care Quality and Payment Reform. Retrieved from http://www.chqpr.org/downloads/TransitioningtoAccountableCare.pdf 

This report provides the myriad options for addressing the growing problem of the cost vs. the quality of health care. The paper presents “middle ground” possibilities as part of a payment reform. These include such approaches as “bundling,” “warranties,” and paying physicians based on an entire patient stay.

 Dickson, J. K., Bulley, S., & Oliver, D. (2014). Efficiency and perceptions of cost in healthcare. British Journal Of Healthcare Management, 20(5), 222–226.

 Nickitas, D. (2013). Health care spending: the cold, hard facts of cost, quality and care. Nursing Economics, 31(1).

This article discusses the high cost of health care in the United States and how this spending is adding to the federal budget deficit and impacting the finances of American families.

 Alliance for Health Reform. (2013). Cost of health care. In Covering health issues (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/sourcebooktoc.asp?SBID=5

This chapter discusses the background behind the rising health care costs, the factors that increase costs, and the consequences of attempting to bluntly cut costs. The chapter suggests some solutions, such as increased cost sharing, changes in provider reimbursement, and investing in health information technology.

 Alliance for Health Reform. (2012). Medicare. In Covering health issues (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/sourcebooktoc.asp?SBID=5

This chapter provides facts on Medicare and offers some background information on the issues surrounding this program. The chapter also discusses current legislation affecting Medicare and potential results on patients, providers, and physicians.

 Alliance for Health Reform. (2012). Medicaid. In Covering health issues (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/sourcebooktoc.asp?SBID=5

In addition to providing facts and background information on Medicaid, this chapter discusses many facets of the system, including the spending and “dual eligibles” component. The chapter also includes a discussion of how recent legislation has changed the program.

Required Media

 Laureate Education (Producer). (2015). Introduction to NURS 6211. Baltimore, MD: Author. 

Multicultural Marketing Campaign Write a paper that discusses whether or not a US created marketing campaign for a line of health and wellness products would or would not be successful in China. What cultural concerns might need to be addressed, or would an entirely new campaign need to be created? Defend your response. The requirements below must be met for your paper to be accepted and graded: Write between 500 – 550words (approximately 2 – 3 pages) using Microsoft Word. Attempt APA style, see example below. Use font size 12 and 1″ margins. Include cover page and reference page. At least 60% of your paper must be original content/writing. No more than 40% of your content/information may come from references. Use at least two references from outside the course material, preferably from EBSCOhost. Text book, lectures, and other materials in the course may be used, but are not counted toward the two reference requirement. Reference material (data, dates, graphs, quotes, paraphrased words, values, etc.) must be identified in the paper and listed on a reference page.Reference material (data, dates, graphs, quotes, paraphrased words, values, etc.) must come from sources such as, scholarly journals found in EBSCOhost, online newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal, government websites, etc. Sources such as Wikis, Yahoo Answers, eHow, etc. are not acceptable.