The AACN Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Self-Assessment Essay
Understanding the competencies related to the AACN Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice provides you with valuable information as you begin to study this course. Complete this self-assessment, which is based on The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008) prior to posting to the discussion on this topic Place a check mark or X in the column that best describes your current level of competency or understanding of the Essential’s statement. There are no incorrect answers. After you have completed the assessment, total the number of points that you earned. Record this number in a location where you will be able to retrieve it at the end of the course, when it will serve as the basis for a future discussion. AACN (American Association of Colleges of Nursing) Baccalaureate Essentials Poor 1 Good 2 Very Good 3 Excellent 4 Essential II: Basic Organizational and Systems Leadership for Quality Care and Patient Safety Apply leadership concepts, skills, and decision-making in the provision of high qualitynursing care, healthcare team coordination, and the oversight and accountability for care delivery in a variety of settings. Demonstrate leadership and communication skills to effectively implement patientsafety and quality improvement initiatives within the context of the interprofessional team. Participate in quality and patient safety initiatives, recognizing that these are complex systemissues, which involve individuals, families, groups, communities, populations, and other members of the healthcare team. Employ principles of quality improvement, healthcare policy, and cost-effectiveness to assist in the development and initiation of effective plans for the microsystem and system-wide practice improvements that will improve the quality of healthcare delivery. Essential V: Healthcare Policy, Finance, and Regulatory Environments Demonstrate basic knowledge of healthcare policy, finance, and regulatory environments, including local, state, national, and global healthcare trends. Explore the impact of sociocultural, economic, legal, and political factors influencing healthcare delivery and practice. Examine the roles and responsibilities of the regulatory agencies and their effect on patient care quality, workplace safety, and the scope of nursing and other health professionals’ practice. Advocate for consumers and the nursing profession. Essential VI: Interprofessional Communication and Collaboration for Improving Patient Health Outcomes Use inter and intrarofessional communication and collaborative skills to deliver evidence-based, patient-centered care. Incorporate effective communication techniques, including negotiation and conflict resolution to produce positive professional working relationships. Demonstrate appropriate teambuilding and collaborative strategies when working with interprofessional teams. Advocate for high-quality and safe patient care as a member of the interprofessional team Essential VIII: Professionalism and Professional Values Demonstrate the professional standards of moral, ethical, and legal conduct. Promote the image of nursing by modeling the values and articulating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the nursing profession. Reflect on one’s own beliefs and values as they relate to professional practice. Articulate the value of pursuing practice excellence, lifelong learning, and professional engagement to foster professional growth and development. Total for each column Grand total (add all columns) Source: American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2008). The essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice. Washington, DC: AACN. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/education-resources/baccessentials08.pdf/ After you have completed your self-assessment, answer the following questions: If you are willing, please share your total score on the AACN Essentials Self-Assessment. If you do not wish to share your score, give a general description of your current KSA levels. Candidly identify and share with your classmates areas where knowledge, skills or abilities (KSAs) are lacking? Describe the relationship between the AACN Essentials and your new-found knowledge about Patient Centered Care. Are there opportunities for you to improve?
Discussion
I want this assignment asap -PLAGIARISM MUST BE LESS THAN 10%
Sychosis and schizophrenia greatly impact the brain’s normal processes, which interferes with the ability to think clearly. When symptoms of these disorders are uncontrolled, clients may struggle to function in daily life. However, clients often thrive when properly diagnosed and treated under the close supervision of a psychiatric mental health practitioner. For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat clients presenting with psychosis and schizophrenia.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- Assess client factors and history to develop personalized plans of antipsychotic therapy for clients
- Analyze factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in clients requiring antipsychotic therapy
- Evaluate efficacy of treatment plans
- Analyze ethical and legal implications related to prescribing antipsychotic therapy to clients across the lifespan
To prepare for this Assignment:
- Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how to assess and treat clients requiring anxiolytic therapy.
The Assignment
Examine Case Study: Pakistani Woman with Delusional Thought Processes. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
At each decision point stop to complete the following:
- Decision #1
- Which decision did you select?
- Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
- What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
- Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
- Decision #2
- Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
- What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
- Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
- Decision #3
- Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
- What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
- Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
- SAMPLE ONLY
NURS 6630
WEEK SEVEN
Case 2: Volume 2, Case #11: The figment of a man who looked upon the lady
Introduction
Briefly, this is a scenario of a 42 year- old woman with a complex psychiatric history extending from depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, insomnia, visual hallucinations (little man)and impaired behavior with aggression. In the course of more than 36 months, the client was treated with Paroxetine (SSRI), Bupropion ( NDRI), Tiagabine, Ramelteon and , but finally a combination of Lexapro, Bupropion and quetiapine was able to decrease her symptoms . The client’s medical history includes diabetes, hypertension, CAD, hyperlipidemia, COPD, OSA, GERD, Glaucoma, overweight and a remote history of substance abuse.
Related Professional Questions
Certain medications or supplements can cause symptoms of mental illness and also due to her extensive medical history and usage of multiple medications I would ask the following questions:
1. Do you take any over -the – counter, herbal supplements or remedies and I would check for interactions with current medication regimen?
2. When and how often do you use your albuterol inhaler ? Some of the side effects of albuterol include anxiety, nervousness, and insomnia ( Cunha, 2016)
Sleep Hygiene: Do you keep regular sleep schedule ? Do you drink caffeine beverages close to bedtime?
Patient History
The patient may not be a reliable source of information, particularly that she has a significant mental illness that affects her functioning, hence verifying her responses with her direct family members, and mental social workers to get clues to the underlying or precipitating causes of mental crisis. Also checking facility records from previous encounters, or any psychiatric hospitalizations would be useful.
Diagnostics Testing
1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Based on recent evidence, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in hypothyroidism was nearly 50%, and clinical depression occurs in more than 40% of people suffering from hypothyroidism ( Bhagwat, 2017)
2. Electrocardiogram (ECG) The client has cardiovascular diseases ( HTN, CAD), with risks of cardio complications. In the setting of taking antidepressants and antipsychotics, baseline ECG and possibly every three to six months would be appropriate. Several atypical antipsychotics including quetiapine (Seroquel) are known to cause prolongation of the QT interval, hypothesized to occur via direct inhibition of the cardiac delayed potassium rectifier channel, which extends the ventricular repolarization process (Zhai et al., 2017)
Differential Diagnoses
1. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD)_
2. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
3. Insomnia Disorder.
Pharmacotherapy Options for Sleep/ Wake cycle
1. Zolpidem (Ambien) 5mg oral at bedtime for Seven days.
Zolpidem is nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, it works by enhancing GABA inhibitory actions that provide sedative hypnotic effects more selectively than other actions of GABA (Stahl, 2017). With its side effects of sedation, low dose prescribed as the client has respiratory problems (sleep apnea OSA)). Studies have shown that Zolpidem did not significantly worsen OSA as measured by the numbers and duration of pauses in breathing during sleep, but in one trial, it significantly lowered minimum oxygen levels during the night when compared with placebo ( Mason & Smith, 2015).
2. Trazadone 25 mg oral at bedtime for Thirty days.
Trazadone is a serotonin 2 antagonist/reuptake inhibitor, used in management of depression and insomnia. It is absorbed well, metabolized by CYP 450 3A4 with average half life of 6hrs. It has less side sedative effects compared to zolpidem (Stahl, 2017)
The best choice for the client would be Trazadone as there is no reliable evidence of dependence or withdraws and it can also work for the client’s depression.
Conclusion
The case was a perfect example how it is sometimes difficult to find effective pharmacological treatments of psychiatric illnesses. In the course of four years, the client was prescribed 5-6 medications targeting different neurotransmitters to improve the symptoms. Client’s polypharmacy increased risks of drug-drug interactions, and her medical comorbidities increased risks of adverse reactions. Lesson learned from this study was that treatment should be optimally initiated after diagnosis, and augment or switching to a new agent must be carefully done in consideration of possible side effects and better outcomes.
References
Bhagwat, N., Tayde, P., Sharma, P., Sharma, B., Dalwadi, P., Sonawane, A., … Varthakavi, P. (2017). Hypothyroidism and depression: Are cytokines the link? Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21(6), 886. Retrieved from https://web-b-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7&sid=aeb79c1d-68dc-40a4-bd10-f956796bc9e8%40sessionmgr101
Cunha, J. (2016). Common Side Effects of Ventolin HFA (Albuterol Sulfate Inhalation Aerosol) Drug Center – RxList. Retrieved from https://www.rxlist.com/ventolin-hfa-side-effects-drug-center.htm
Mason, M., & Smith, I. (2015). Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in adults with known OSA | Cochrane. Retrieved from http://www.cochrane.org/CD011090/AIRWAYS_effects-opioid-hypnotic-and-sedating-medications-obstructive-sleep-apnoea-osa-adults-known-osa
Zhai, D., Lang, Y., Dong, G., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Zhou, D., … Zhang, R. (2017). QTc interval lengthening in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients in the earliest stages of antipsychotic treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 179, 70-74. Retrieved from https://resolver-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/openurl?ID=pmid%3a27727006&genre=article&atitle=QTc+interval+lengthening+in+first-episode+schizophrenia+(FES)+patien
Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes
Identify a research or evidence-based article that focuses comprehensively on a specific intervention or new diagnostic tool for the treatment of diabetes in adults or children.
In a Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes of 750-1,000 words, summarize the main idea of the research findings for a specific patient population. Research must include clinical findings that are current, thorough, and relevant to diabetes and the nursing practice.
ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER
Prepare this Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes
Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes Rubric
Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project—Paper on Diabetes
1 Unsatisfactory 0-71% 0.00% | 2 Less Than Satisfactory 72-75% 75.00% | 3 Satisfactory 76-79% 79.00% | 4 Good 80-89% 89.00% | 5 Excellent 90-100% 100.00% | ||
80.0 %Content | ||||||
30.0 %Research or Evidence-Based Article Identified. Article Focuses on a Specific Diabetic Intervention or New Diagnostic Tool. | Research or evidence-based article not identified. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes | Research or evidence-based article identified but does not address a specific diabetic intervention or diagnostic tool. | Research or evidence-based article identified that focuses on a specific diabetic intervention or diagnostic tool in general. | Research or evidence-based article identified that focuses on a specific diabetic intervention and a diagnostic tool. | Research or evidence-based article identified that focuses on a specific diabetic intervention or diagnostic tool in a comprehensive manner, allowing all criteria of assignment to be fully addressed. | |
50.0 %Summary of Article Includes the Following Content: Discussion of Research Performed Clinical Findings, and Significance to Nursing Practice. | Content is incomplete or omits most of the requirements stated in the assignment criteria. Does not demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles. Does not demonstrate critical thinking and analysis of the overall program subject. | Content is incomplete or omits some requirements stated in the assignment criteria. Demonstrates shallow understanding of the basic principles only a surface level of evaluation is offered, methods are described but flawed or unrealistic and strategies are discussed, but incomplete. | Content is complete, but somewhat inaccurate and/or irrelevant. Demonstrates adequate understanding of the basic principles. Reasonable but limited inferences and conclusions are drawn but lack development. Supporting research is inadequate in relevance, quality, and/or currentness. | Content is comprehensive and accurate, and definitions are clearly stated. Sections form a cohesive logical and justified whole. Shows careful planning and attention to details and illuminates relationships. Research is adequate, current, and relevant, and addresses all of the issues stated in the assignment criteria. | Content is comprehensive. Presents ideas and information beyond that presented through the course, and substantiates their validity through solid, academic research where appropriate. Research is thorough, current, and relevant, and addresses all of the issues stated in assignment criteria. Final paper exhibits the process of creative thinking and development of proposal. Applies framework of knowledge, practice and sound research. Shows careful planning and attention to how disparate elements fit together. | |
15.0 %Organization and Effectiveness | ||||||
5.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose | Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. | Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear. | Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose. | Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. | Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. | |
5.0 %Paragraph Development and Transitions | Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed. | Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident. | Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization and/or in their relationships to each other. | A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose. | There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless. | |
5.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) | Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used. | Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present. | Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. | Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. | Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes | |
5.0 %Format | ||||||
3.0 %Language Use and Audience Awareness (includes sentence construction, word choice, etc.) | Inappropriate word choice and lack of variety in language use are evident. Writer appears to be unaware of audience. Use of ‘primer prose’ indicates writer either does not apply figures of speech or uses them inappropriately. | Some distracting inconsistencies in language choice (register) and/or word choice are present. The writer exhibits some lack of control in using figures of speech appropriately. | Language is appropriate to the targeted audience for the most part. | The writer is clearly aware of audience, uses a variety of appropriate vocabulary for the targeted audience, and uses figures of speech to communicate clearly. | The writer uses a variety of sentence constructions, figures of speech, and word choice in distinctive and creative ways that are appropriate to purpose, discipline, and scope. Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes | |
2.0 %Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment) | No reference page is included. No citations are used. | Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. | Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. | Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and GCU style is usually correct. | In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error. | |
100 %Total Weightage |
Evidence-Based Practice Project Paper on Diabetes
Drug Addiction: Development of Addictive tendencies, Prevention and Consequences of addiction
Introduction
(with Thesis Statement)
Body Outline
Theoretical explanation of addictive behavior (Skinner’s Operant Conditioning or Pavlov’s Theory of Classical Conditioning)
Prevention of addiction
Consequences of addiction
Achieving Freedom from Drug addiction (Rehabilitation)
Achieving Self-Control through Behavior Modification
Conclusion
Reference Instruction
Use of Peer-reviewed journals
Obtained from the PsycInfo or PSYCH Articles database
Published within the last 10 years
Works Cited
Bedard-Gilligan, M., Garcia, N., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2018). Alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use: Engagement and outcome in PTSD treatment. Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors, 32(3), 277-288. doi:10.1037/adb0000355
Curry, J., Silva, S., Rohde, P., Ginsburg, G., Kennard, B., Kratochvil, C., & … March, J. (2012). Onset of alcohol or substance use disorders following treatment for adolescent depression. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 80(2), 299-312. doi:10.1037/a0026929
Dschaak, Z. A., & Juntunen, C. L. (2018, July 26). Stigma, Substance Use, and Help-Seeking: Attitudes Among Rural and Urban Individuals. Journal of Rural Mental Health. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000097
Duke, A. A., Smith, K. Z., Oberleitner, L. S., Westphal, A., & McKee, S. A. (2018). Alcohol, drugs, and violence: A meta-meta-analysis. Psychology Of Violence, 8(2), 238-249. doi:10.1037/vio0000106
González-Guarda, R. M., McCabe, B. E., Leblanc, N., De Santis, J. P., & Provencio-Vasquez, E. (2016). The contribution of stress, cultural factors, and sexual identity on the substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression syndemic among Hispanic men. Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(4), 563-571. doi:10.1037/cdp0000077
Simeone, R. (2017). Doctor Shopping Behavior and the Diversion of Prescription Opioids. Journal of Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. Vol. 11 (1-10) doi: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1178221817696077 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Valente, J. Y., Cogo-Moreira, H., Swardfager, W., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2018). A latent transition analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial for drug use prevention. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 86(8), 657-665. doi:10.1037/ccp0000329
Villalobos, B. T., & Bridges, A. J. (2018). Prevalence of substance use disorders among Latinos in the United States: An empirical review update. Journal of Latina/O Psychology, 6(3), 204-219. doi:10.1037/lat0000097
WRITE A PLAN TO EDUCATE THE NURSING STAFF ON THIS ILLNESS AND WAYS TO PREVENT IT FROM SPREADING.
This plan should be 1-2 pages in length and should include the following:
Etiology of illness
Hand washing techniques
Bed linen transport and handling
Isolation precautions
APA format is expected as well as references and in-text citations.
Discussion
Throughout this course, you have identified, examined, and provided individual as well as collaborative analysis on multiple facets of risk management in the health care setting.
Addressing the knowledge you have gained, and building on that knowledge to add your evaluation of the role that the managed care organization (MCO) plays in today’s health care environment, develop a 250-500 word reflection to incorporate the following:
- What is a health care organization’s administrative role regarding oversight of risk management policies and ensuring compliance with managed care organization (MCOs) standards?
- What is your assessment of the value provided to an organization that stems from the regulatory statutes of a typical MCO? Consider the establishment of conflict resolution and risk management strategies within the health care organization from the employer/employee perspective as well as in regards to patient conflict circumstances.
- What MCO responsibilities pertain to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) focus on fraud, waste, and abuse laws?
Subfields of Psychology
Read Chapter 8 in your course text and review the subfields listed in Table 8.3. Locate an additional outside source that lists subfields in psychology or a related field that includes one or more subfields not listed in Table 8.3. Cite the additional source according to APA guidelines in your initial post:
- Which three subfields in psychology that most interest you?
- What personal characteristics (knowledge, skills, abilities) do you possess that might make these areas a good fit for you?
- Which three subfields interest you the least?
- If you were challenged with creating a new subfield, what would be the name of your subfield and what would it consist of?
Assignment 2
Identify the next step in your academic and/or professional career after graduation. Whether applying to a graduate or professional school or for employment, it is common that applicants are asked to write personal statements. Unfortunately, some applicants have developed habits frowned upon by admissions committees and potential employers (e.g., divulging personal or sensitive information about problems or crises).
- Consider the prompt: Tell us about yourself and why you are interested in a position in our graduate program (or organization).
- Review the advice in section 8.4 in your text and write a two-paragraph answer to the prompt. Your response should be of the quality to be submitted with an actual application.
Select one of the following as the focus for the teaching plan:
- Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
- Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population
- Bioterrorism/Disaster
- Environmental Issues
Complete the “Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal.” This will help you organize your plan and create an outline for the written assignment.
- After completing the teaching proposal, review the teaching plan with a community health and public health provider in your local community.
- Request feedback (strengths and opportunities for improvement) from the provider.
- Complete the “Community Teaching Experience” form.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
Quality Performance Improvement of a Nursing Facility Essay
This discussion topic requires you to reflect on the Performance Improvement (Quality Improvement) processes at your facility. Make sure you address all components of the topic for a robust discussion. It is anticipated that all clinical areas will be mentioned. Recall an improvement method initiated at your facility. What data was gathered? How was this done? What outcomes were measured and how was change implemented to improve the quality of care and patient outcomes?
Unit 3 Discussion 1 & 2? $30.00 Due (Sunday) 7/22/2018.
Unit 3 Discussion 1
Alternatives to Pregroup Interviews
According to the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW), ethical practice entails conducting a pregroup interview with each prospective member for purposes of screening, orientation, and selection. If you found it was highly impractical or impossible to interview people individually, what alternatives might you consider? Incorporate the assigned readings and relevant literature to substantiate alternatives to individual pregroup interviews.
Unit 3 Discussion 2
Theoretical Application in Groups
This discussion is based on the article you selected from the provided readings addressing the application of therapeutic perspectives in counseling groups. Describe how the specific counseling theory is applied in a group setting to guide interventions. What evidence is provided in the article to support the effectiveness of the approach for the selected population and focus of the group?
Resources
· Discussion Participation Scoring Guide.
· Association for Specialists in Group WorkAccording to the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW), ethical practice entails conducting a pregroup interview with each prospective member for purposes of screening, orientation, and selection. If you found it was highly impractical or impossible to interview people individually, what alternatives might you consider? Incorporate the assigned readings and relevant literature to substantiate alternatives to individual pregroup interviews