As you know, promoting positive social change is a part of the Walden mission. To be an effective agent for social change, nurses must be able to logically and critically analyze population health issues using epidemiologic concepts, and then communicate insights in a succinct and professional manner. This exercise will afford you such an experience.

This week, you will complete Assignment 1 in preparation for Major Assessment 7, in which you will apply epidemiologic principles and develop an intervention for a health problem.

For this Assignment, you will examine a health problem of interest to you, and you will develop a brief paper (2 pages) outlining the significance of the health problem and describing it in terms of person, place, and time. This outline will help your Instructor determine if the topic you selected is appropriate for the Major Assessment paper.

Prepare for Assignment 1 as follows:

• Review      the Major      Assessment Overview (see attached).
• Determine      a population health problem that is viable for completing this paper. You      may use the problem you identified in the Week 1, 2,      or Week 3 Discussion, or you may select a new one.
• Determine      the characteristics of the health problem in terms of person, place, and      time.
• Using      the Walden Library and credible websites, conduct additional research on      your selected population health problem. Consider the significance of this      health problem.
• Examine      how Healthy People 2020, listed in the Learning Resources, supports the      importance of addressing your selected health problem.
• Develop      a preliminary research question or hypothesis appropriate for your topic.

To complete:

Write a  2-page paper that addresses the following:

1) Introduction (must end with a purpose statement, e.g. “the purpose of this paper is …)

2) Describe the population health problem in terms of person, place, and time.

3) From the primary research literature and Healthy People 2020, briefly explain the significance of this health problem.

4) Include your preliminary research question or hypothesis. (PICOT format for the research question).

5) A conclusion

By Day 7 (tomorrow Sunday 03/18/2018 at 4 pm latest Submit your a 2-page paper in order to receive feedback on your topic

Required Readings

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Chapter 6, “Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case Control”

Chapter 7, “Study Designs: Cohort Studies”

Chapter 6 presents an overview of analytic study designs used in epidemiology, differentiating between experimental studies (which will be addressed next week) and observational studies (the focus of this week). In the chapter, the authors address three varieties of observational studies—ecological, cross-sectional, and case control. Chapter 7 addresses cohort studies, another form of observational design.

Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1999). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77(1), 84–93.

This landmark case-control study established the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

Framingham Heart Study. (1998). Epidemiological background and design: The Framingham study. Retrieved from https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/static/studies/framcohort/Epidemiological_Background_and_Design.pdf

The Framingham Heart Study is one of the first and largest cohort studies that measured the distribution of suspected risk factors in a large population and then tracked the development of heart disease in that cohort.

Papathanasiou, A. A., & Zintzaras, E. (2010). Assessing the quality of reporting of observational studies in cancer. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(1), 67–73. 

In this article, the authors assess the quality of reporting of observational cancer studies, noting opportunities for improvement.

Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577.

A consortium of scientists and medical researchers created a checklist of 22 recommended items that should be included in reports about three common observational study designs: case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies. This collaborative effort is an important step toward the goal of improving the quality, credibility, and generalizability of analytical research.

Healthy People 2020. (2011). Topics & objectives index. Retrieved from http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/default.aspx

Healthy People 2020 focuses on improving population health locally and nationally. Review the topics and objectives of Healthy People 2020 as you prepare for Assignment 2.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Epidemiology and population health: Observational studies [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 9 minutes.

In this week’s program, the presenters discuss observational studies as a means of establishing an association between an exposure or risk factor and a disease outcome. Two types of observational designs are featured: cohort and case control studies.

Optional Resources

The following ERIC notebook guides present information in a reader-friendly study guide format.

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Cohort studies. ERIC Notebook, 3, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_3.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Incidence measures in cohort studies. ERIC Notebook, 4, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_4.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Case-control studies. ERIC Notebook, 5, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_5.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Cross-sectional studies. ERIC Notebook, 7, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_7.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (2000). Ecologic studies. ERIC Notebook, 12, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_12.pdf

distinguish the factors that are most important in carrying out a successful health care organization’s merger or acquisition. Defend at least two (2) reasons why health care organization alliances are sometimes necessary. Provide a rationale for your response.

Dispute or defend the idea that a government regulation system should be the main regulating body in health care. Predict two (2) consequences of the alternative regulating system being in control. Provide a rationale for your response.

This is discussion questions just need a paragraph for each question with referance

Q2

A lower percentage of African Americans and Hispanics report being satisfied with the quality of their healthcare than Caucasians. In the light of this, answer the questions that follow: • Discuss at least three factors influencing differences in the rates of satisfaction with quality of healthcare among African Americans and Hispanics. • Explain how differences in the healthcare received by people contribute to disparities in health. • Identify at least three strategies that can overcome these differences in care. Justify your responses by citing at least two scholarly sources. Support your responses with examples. In addition, respond to the following questions: • Explain why health indicators are an important tool in public health. • What are the leading health indicators as identified by Healthy People 2020? • Describe how organizations across the nation are addressing these priority health topics.

Signature Assignment: Health Care Access Options Due Today 11:59 PM Not Submitted POINTS 15 Paper Objectives: 1.1 2.1 2.2 3.2 Instructions Assignment Files Grading Research the following in your community or surrounding area: One walk-in clinic, such as urgent care One retail clinic in your local grocery store or drug store No appointment physician’s office Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper that includes the above centers and addresses the following: Analyze the changing landscape of the health care system. Differentiate the various places health care is delivered. Analyze what impact cultural demographics have on the health care market. Analyze the targeted audience of the clinic or office based on cultural demographics. Analyze the effectiveness of the marketing approach for the clinic or office to various cultures. Analyze the marketing techniques that could be used to improve the marketing within different cultural demographics. Differentiate what effect different generations have on the health care market. Analyze the targeted audience of the clinic or office based on generational demographics. Differentiate the effectiveness of the marketing approach for the clinic or office to various generations. Differentiate the marketing techniques that could be used to improve the marketing within different generations. Analyze the impact of media and social networking on consumer choices. Format your assignment according to APA guidelines. Cite 3 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references to support your paper.

Assignment 1: Article Critique [Major Assessment 4] DNP graduates are expected to apply research findings and integrate nursing science into evidence-based practice. To develop your ability to engage in this high level of nursing practice, you will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a research study over the next several weeks using the concepts presented throughout Weeks 1 through 9 of the course. Your final analysis will be a 5- to 7-page paper that includes the following: • Brief one to two paragraph overview of the study • Two to three strengths of the study and support for your selection (i.e. why is this a strength) • Two to three weaknesses of the study and support for your selection (i.e. why is this a weakness) • Note: The strengths and weaknesses you identified should be in relation to design, sampling, data collection, statistical analysis, results and discussion of the study • Proposed changes to improve the quality of the study, capitalizing on the strengths and improving on the weaknesses identified in the study • Summary of the implications for nursing practice The purpose of the analysis is to help you develop a deeper understanding of the research process, to inspire you to think critically and deeply about research on a specific topic, and to strengthen your ability to integrate research findings into evidence-based nursing practice. This assignment also gives you practice in analyzing the research literature, which will support you when you begin your DNP project. Before you proceed, please review the rubric for this assignment, which is located in the Grading section in the left-hand navigation menu of this course. Keep in mind that you will be working on your article critique throughout Weeks 2 through 9 with your critique due by Day 7 of Week 9. By Day 7 of Week 9 To prepare for this week’s assignment complete the following: • Select one of the four research articles cited in this week’s required readings. • Review the various quantitative research designs presented in the textbook readings and research articles and discussed in the “Musings: Aligning Research Question and Methodology” media. • Consider the research design used in your selected article. Ask yourself the following questions. Is the design appropriate for the study? Would a different design provide better results? You are not required to submit this assignment this week. Select one of the following articles to use for this week’s Assignment: Fouquier, K.F. (2011). The concept of motherhood among three generations of African American women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(2), 145–153. Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases. Grey, M., Whittemore, R., Jaser, S., Ambrosino, J., Lindemann, E., Liberti, L., Northrup, V., & Dziura, J. (2009). Effects of coping skills training in school-age children with Type 1 diabetes. Research in Nursing & Health, 32, 405–418. Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases. Methey, N.A., Davis-Jackson, J., & Stewart, B.J. (2010). Effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol. Nursing Research, 59, 18–25. Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases. Newhouse, R.P., Morlock. L., Pronovost, P., & Breckenridge-Sproat, S. (2011). Rural hospital nursing: Results of a national survey of nurse executives. Journal of Nursing Administration, 41(3), 129–137. Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases. This is the assignment that was done form me by one of your tutors. The instructor have sent it back to me for the second time because she said the ariticle that was used needs to be critiqued. Can you please have a tutor to read this assignment that was done by your tutor and critique the article this assignment needs to be done correctly so that I can pass my class. I have paid for this assignment twice. This is the assignment that was done . Can you please look at the articles to see which one the tutor used and critique the Article. Please Nursing practice critique Introduction Nursing is practice that has high expectations. The nurses must provide the the highest standards in terms of care to clients and patients. Therefore, the nurses are expected to offer provisions of evidence-based practices at all times. According to Scholars, the evidence based practices must incorporates expertise from proffesionals, preference and patient needs in order to achieve the best evidence. The big question is “ how do you identify best evidence?”. This essay seeks to evaluate a unique quantitative nursing research with relevance to the practice, while dealing with chronic diseases or conditions which are prevalent all over the world. The author intends to review ‘health-related quality care to cancer patients. It is important to note that in the nursing practice there are many appraisal tools which are available in the healthcare sector. These tools assist in critiquing and analysing primary research aspects. These models can be developed in relation to and over standardised conceptualisations which constitute the rigour and quality in the nursing research ( Polit, D.F & Beck, C.T, 2008). Nursing is practice that has high expectations in the nursing community and the world at large. The nurses must provide the highest standards in terms of care to clients and patients. Therefore, the nurses are expected to offer provision of evidence-based practices at all times. The process entails provision of care, which must be based upon available as expalined in primary appraisal research. Improvement in the nursing practice applies to evidence in the theoretical and clinical skills and knowledge, which must have the resources to assess and acceess quality of relevant research. According to Scholars, the evidence based practices must incorporates expertise from proffesionals, preference and patient needs in order to achieve the best evidence ( Polit, D.F & Beck, C.T, 2008). . The big question is “ how do you identify best evidence?”. To identify best evidence, nurses and care givers must undertake critical reviews and evaluation on the research practice studies. The research will enable them to identify the best quality applicable to the practice. This essay seeks to evaluate a unique quantitative nursing research with relevance to the practice, while dealing with chronic diseases or conditions which are prevalent all over the world. The author intends to review ‘health-related quality care to cancer patients. It is important to note that in the nursing practice there are many appraisal tools which are available in the healthcare sector. These tools assist in critiquing and analysing primary research aspects. These models can be developed in relation to and over standardised conceptualisations which constitute the rigour and quality in the nursing research. In order to completely attain or pinpoint the purposes of this report, the we intend to use primary tools to make references to multiple critiquing information and guides. Discussions ( Titles, qualifications,abstract, litarature and introduction review,hypothesis, operation definations , methodology, subject, sample collection, data collection, ethical considerations, results, data nalysis and discusion.) ( Polit, D.F & Beck, C.T, 2008). 1. Titles Research is a term that can be described as the purpose of the study. It can be an indicative purpose of study which is clearer in nature.The nature of research should examine the relationship between social support, cancer treatment, health related quality and symptom experience. Concise is a unique term used to describe focus. It indicates the nature of a more indicative study into the same. From a population sample taken, it was apparent that the abstracts were of a casual model. Casual is a word that means or suggests the essence of a quantitative variable.This never clearly indicate the approach used but argues on an inclusive title and nature of study (Polit, DF, Beck, CT & Hungler, BP 2001) . 2. Qualifications The qualifications of the authors in the nusring practises critique should be provided inclusive of the names of all the nurses registered. The education levels must be indicated. These may include post graduate degree holders, and doctrates among many others. It is also required that all the nusrses work in or within the university or hospital complex context. 3. Abstract From a nursing practise critique point of view, provision of a nursing abstract, which is and can be identified by the comments by Cormack (2000) is vital in the introduction of this anlysis. This can be effectively summarised using the identification of variables which have been tested before. The hypothesis lacks in the sample study which would identify the vital research tools to be used. The results must be included in the conclusions summary from the findings. In this way, the abstract is not a representation in the analysis and can therefore not identify the relevance and the interests of the same. This simply indicates a quantitative paper can be used as a recognisable data collection tool. 4. Introduction and Literature Review Many scholars and experts have in the past separated literature reviews and introduction. However, in this case both are contiguous. It has been noted that the cases reported in the studies, may be convention of publications itself, and not a preference in this study. The contextualise problem related to research of “health-related quality of life (HRQL)” for suffering from cancer, has its impact on individuals lives on a daily basis. The theory discusses advances and changes in diverse options in treatment and the impact the diseas has on the individuals and family as well. The topics highlights including cancer treatment and amongst many others (Polit, DF, Beck, CT & Hungler, BP 2001). 5. The Hypothesis The hypothesis takes a peak at the research question which is the purpose of the study.It presents an hypothesis as opposed to presenting question research. The hypothesis must examine social support for cancer patients at advanced stages, symptom experinces and othe care strategies. The hypothesis also looks at the statement nature which suggests an experimental cancer study within the quantitative research paradigms.. 6. Methodology The methodology used in the provision of evidence-based practices does not discuss the quantitative approach choices in relation to the Methodology focusbut rather focuses on instruments analysis in use. In thisway, quality seems to be directed to the quantitative approach choices, and data collection instrumental choices. The quantitative research approache also offers the best if not better standards of evidences, generally much greater replication abilities and rigour. Healthcare practice research should be concentrated upon quantitative studies based on unique qualitative paradigms (Polit, DF, Beck, CT & Hungler, BP 2001). Effective research analycal instruments must be described and explained in detail in order toensure that the methodology overcomes quantitative research limitations. 7. Sample selections Sample selections should analyse weakness in a quantitative study. Sample sizes should be stated and determined statistically, this could also be considered weaknesses, in chieving statistically complete and sound samples sizes within every quantitative research. 10. Data Collections Heath and nursing data collection and dispatch procedures should be described adequately. In this case, it is vital to use questionnares to identify replications and convinience. The issue research issues are vital data collection analitical tools, and the questionnaires should be considerate of the administered issues. it can not be possible to ensure that checking is carried out totally but from an intended target point of view. As vulnerable cancer patients attend clinics, data can be collected from during the visits in this way the findings will constitute ethical issues ( Polit, D.F & Beck, C.T, 2008). 11. Ethical Consideration Ethical considerations look into ethical approved appropriate body’s, informed from consent achieved consents, which are considerd ethically. However, information explanations should be given participants. The informed consents must be achieved, and every controversial issue communicated or made accessible to all concerned parties 12. Results The study results should be presented by use of diagrams, tables and in text. The main results and issues must be presented, but the presentation of data dteailed from asummarised section.anIt is vital to ensure that findings less accessible. Transparency should not be overlooked as it is one of the key elements in study reporting and the determination of results. 12. Data analysis 14. Conclusions The conclusion supports the results obtained (Polit, D.F & Beck, C.T, 2008), although it is not a very detailed summation of the complexity of the findings. However, this is referred to in the ‘Implications and Recommendations’ section. (Polit, D.F & Beck, C.T, 2008). 15. Recommendations The authors of this study suggest that ‘social support’ would have the strongest effect on HRQL((Polit, DF, Beck, CT & Hungler, BP 2001)). They recommend a wide range of strategies to support this, and also look at all the other factors, making recommendations for improving care for this patient population. Conclusion Nursing is practice that has high expectations. The nurses must provide the the highest standards in terms of care to clients and patients. Therefore, the nurses mostly expected to offer provision of evidence-based practices at all times. The process entails provision of care, which must be based upon available as explained in primary appraisal research. Improvement in the nursing practice applies to evidence in the theoretical and clinical skills and knowledge, which must have the resources to assess quality of relevant research. According to Scholars, the evidence based practices must incorporate expertise from professionals, preference, and patient needs in order to achieve the best evidence. It is important to note that in the nursing practice there are many appraisal tools, which are available in the healthcare sector. These tools assist in critiquing and analyzing primary research aspects. These models must be developed in relation to hand over standardized conceptualizations, which constitute the rigor and quality in the nursing research. The qualifications of the authors in the nursing practices critique should provide inclusive of the names of all the nurses registered. From a nursing practice critique point of view, provision of a nursing abstract, which is and can be identified by the comments by Cormack (2000) is vital in the introduction of this analysis. This should effectively summarize using the identification of variables, which is tested before. The hypothesis lacks in the sample study, which would identify the vital research tools to utilize (Polit, DF, Beck, CT & Hungler, BP 2001). The results must be included in the conclusions summary from the findings. Sample selections should analyze weakness in a quantitative study. Sample sizes should be stated and determined statistically, this could show consideration in weaknesses, in achieving statistically Heath, and nursing data collection and dispatch procedures should be described adequately. In this case, it is vital to use questionnaires to identify replications and convenience. The issue research issues are vital data collection analytical tools, and the questionnaires should be considerate of the administered issues and sound samples sizes within every quantitative research. The conclusion supports the results obtained (Herman .K. November 2013), although it is not a very detailed summation of the complexity of the findings. (Polit, DF, Beck, CT & Hungler, BP 2001) References Herman .K. (November 2013).Research Critique of Quantitative Research on Nursing Practice. Polit, D.F & Beck, C.T, 2008, Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice, 8thedn, pp.105-138, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. Polit, DF, Beck, CT & Hungler, BP 2001, Essential of nursing research methods, appraisal, and utilization, 5th edn, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.