Or any controlled scientific study, a scientist starts with an observation, does some research to develop a hypothesis, and then designs an experiment that compares some baseline group with a test group. Data are then collected to confirm or refute the hypothesis.
As you review the following study, consider whether the researchers correctly followed the scientific method.
In the late 1990s, gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield, along with a research team, set out to determine whether bowel disease caused by vaccines led to autism.
He compiled a group of 12 children who had loss of acquired skills, developmental delays in language, diarrhea, and abdominal pain—essentially, those with both bowel disease and autism. He questioned each parent about the behavior and personality of the child before the child was vaccinated with the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. He then ran tests on the children to determine the health of the gastrointestinal tract, brain, and nervous system.
His reported data (tabulated below) included that children experienced either gastrointestinal or autism-like symptoms, sometimes within a short period after being vaccinated. From these data, the researchers concluded that there was no link between autism and the MMR vaccine. Wakefield though, contradicted this conclusion and stated that the vaccine caused changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the children, which then led to autism (Wakefield, et al., 1998). Currently, he still contends that the MMR vaccine contributes to autism (Ziv, 2015).
Many researchers tried to duplicate this study and could not replicate Wakefield’s results. In fact, they found no link between the vaccines, bowel disease, and autism. In the United Kingdom, the MMR vaccine was not introduced until 1988. If Wakefield’s conclusions were correct, one would then expect a jump in autism cases after 1988, but this was not observed, even when hundreds of children were studied (Taylor et al., 1999). In these additional studies, children who had not been vaccinated were included as a control group, and no difference in the rates of autism was observed.
In 2011, Brian Deer reviewed Wakefield’s study and all available records from the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom for these 12 children. He found that at most, two children showed symptoms days after vaccinations. At least five children showed developmental delays before being vaccinated. Six out of the 12 children may have had autism symptoms. None of the 12 children tested had all three—regressive autism, colitis, and symptoms days after vaccination.
SymptomWakefield
Wakefield NHS Records
(Deer)
Symptoms days after vaccination82?Non-specific colitis123Regressive autism96?Intestinal/autism/symptoms after vaccine120
(Wakefield, et al., 1998; Deer, 2011)
Wakefield’s statements led to a worldwide panic about the safety of vaccines, but after Deer’s report, Wakefield’s study was retracted and his medical license was revoked for falsifying data.
Recommended: Click on the following links to review materials to enhance your knowledge of biological molecules and the scientific method and to support your analysis of Wakefield’s experiment:
- Steps of the Scientific Method: A simplified explanation of how the scientific method works, and the steps taken to investigate phenomena with diagrams
- Do Vaccines Cause Autism?: A review of research demonstrating that vaccines and their components are not the cause of autism
- Fifteen years after a vaccine scare, a measles epidemic: An analysis of vaccination trends and an increase in measles cases seen in the UK
Answer the following questions:
- What was wrong with Wakefield’s study? Discuss at least 2 variables or approaches that should have been controlled or assessed.
- Consider the source of some of his data (parental memory, for example), the small sample size, and whether he considered other variables (genetics, diet, and so on) that could have resulted in symptoms in these children.
- Discuss the importance of a control group when using the scientific method.
- Did Wakefield deserve to be barred from medical practice?
- What were the consequences of his overblown conclusions?
Follow these guidelines for your paper:
- Utilize at least 1 credible source to support the arguments presented in the paper. Make sure you cite appropriately within your paper, and list the reference(s) in APA format on your Reference page.
- Your paper should be 1–2 pages in length, not counting the Title page and Reference page. In accordance with APA formatting requirements, it should be double-spaced and include a running head and page numbers
References
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. (2017, December 6). Do vaccines cause autism? Retrieved from https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/do-vaccines-cause-autism
Deer, B. (2011). How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. BMJ, 342. Retrieved from http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c5347
Science Buddies. (2018). Steps of the scientific method: What is the scientific method? Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method#keyinfo
Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C. P., Petropoulos, M. C., Favot-Mayaud, I., Li, J., & Waight, P. A. (1999). Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: No epidemiological evidence for a causal association. The Lancet, 353(9169), 2026-2029. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)01239-8/fulltext
Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., et al. (1998). RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, 351. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(97)11096-0.pdf
Ziv, S. (2015, February 10). Andrew Wakefield, father of the anti-vaccine movement, responds to the current measles outbreak for the first time. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/20/andrew-wakefield-father-anti-vaccine-movement-sticks-his-story-305836.html
>Information Systems homework help
Uncategorizedcompany tata
Instructions
Find an article that discusses an ERP implementation. Write a 2 page summary of your article. Be sure to include the following items:
Include any other information that you find of interest. Be sure to provide the reference to your article. Refer to the attached rubric for self-assessment.
Steps of the Scientific Method
Nursing HomeworksAs you review the following study, consider whether the researchers correctly followed the scientific method.
In the late 1990s, gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield, along with a research team, set out to determine whether bowel disease caused by vaccines led to autism.
He compiled a group of 12 children who had loss of acquired skills, developmental delays in language, diarrhea, and abdominal pain—essentially, those with both bowel disease and autism. He questioned each parent about the behavior and personality of the child before the child was vaccinated with the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. He then ran tests on the children to determine the health of the gastrointestinal tract, brain, and nervous system.
His reported data (tabulated below) included that children experienced either gastrointestinal or autism-like symptoms, sometimes within a short period after being vaccinated. From these data, the researchers concluded that there was no link between autism and the MMR vaccine. Wakefield though, contradicted this conclusion and stated that the vaccine caused changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the children, which then led to autism (Wakefield, et al., 1998). Currently, he still contends that the MMR vaccine contributes to autism (Ziv, 2015).
Many researchers tried to duplicate this study and could not replicate Wakefield’s results. In fact, they found no link between the vaccines, bowel disease, and autism. In the United Kingdom, the MMR vaccine was not introduced until 1988. If Wakefield’s conclusions were correct, one would then expect a jump in autism cases after 1988, but this was not observed, even when hundreds of children were studied (Taylor et al., 1999). In these additional studies, children who had not been vaccinated were included as a control group, and no difference in the rates of autism was observed.
In 2011, Brian Deer reviewed Wakefield’s study and all available records from the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom for these 12 children. He found that at most, two children showed symptoms days after vaccinations. At least five children showed developmental delays before being vaccinated. Six out of the 12 children may have had autism symptoms. None of the 12 children tested had all three—regressive autism, colitis, and symptoms days after vaccination.
SymptomWakefield
Wakefield NHS Records
(Deer)
Symptoms days after vaccination82?Non-specific colitis123Regressive autism96?Intestinal/autism/symptoms after vaccine120
(Wakefield, et al., 1998; Deer, 2011)
Wakefield’s statements led to a worldwide panic about the safety of vaccines, but after Deer’s report, Wakefield’s study was retracted and his medical license was revoked for falsifying data.
Recommended: Click on the following links to review materials to enhance your knowledge of biological molecules and the scientific method and to support your analysis of Wakefield’s experiment:
Answer the following questions:
Follow these guidelines for your paper:
References
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. (2017, December 6). Do vaccines cause autism? Retrieved from https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/do-vaccines-cause-autism
Deer, B. (2011). How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. BMJ, 342. Retrieved from http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c5347
Science Buddies. (2018). Steps of the scientific method: What is the scientific method? Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method#keyinfo
Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C. P., Petropoulos, M. C., Favot-Mayaud, I., Li, J., & Waight, P. A. (1999). Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: No epidemiological evidence for a causal association. The Lancet, 353(9169), 2026-2029. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)01239-8/fulltext
Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., et al. (1998). RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, 351. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(97)11096-0.pdf
Ziv, S. (2015, February 10). Andrew Wakefield, father of the anti-vaccine movement, responds to the current measles outbreak for the first time. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/20/andrew-wakefield-father-anti-vaccine-movement-sticks-his-story-305836.html
& Finance homework help
Uncategorized*************************************************
Module 2 – Bonds, Stocks, Risk & Return,
Lesson 6 – Understanding Financial Markets and InstitutionsHow do funds flow throughout the economy? How do financial markets operate and relate to one another? As an individual investor or a financial manager, you need to know. This chapter looks at the nature and operations of financial markets and discusses the financial institutions (FIs) that participate in those markets. Bonds, stocks, and other securities that trade in the markets are covered in Chapters 7 and 8. We also examine how significant changes in the way financial institutions deliver services played a major role in forming the severe financial crisis that began in late 2008. We look at some of the crisis’s underlying causes, review some of the major events that occurred during that time, and discuss some resulting regulatory and industry changes that are in effect today in Appendix 6A, located in this lesson.
Lesson 7 – Valuing BondsHow important are bonds and the bond market to a capitalist economy? Those unfamiliar with the financial markets may have the impression that the stock market dominates capital markets in the United States and in other countries. Stock market performance appears constantly on 24-hour TV news channels and on the evening news. By contrast, we seldom hear any mention of the bond market. While bonds may not generate the same excitement that stocks do, they are an even more important capital source for companies, governments, and other organizations. The bond market is actually larger than the stock market. In this chapter, we will explore bond characteristics and their price dynamics. You will see that bond pricing uses many time value of money principles that we’ve used in the preceding chapters.
Lesson 8 – Valuing StocksIn the last lesson (in chapter 7), we discussed debt, which is one source of financial capital upon which businesses can draw. Their other source of capital is called equity, or business ownership. Public corporations share business ownership and raise money by issuing stocks to investors. When the company sells this form of equity ownership to raise money, it gives up some ownership—and thus some control—over the business. Investors buy stock to receive the benefits of business ownership. Most citizens do not have the time or expertise to operate their own businesses. Buying stock allows them to participate in the profits of economic activities.buy and sell stocks among themselves in stock markets. Well-functioning stock markets are critical to any capitalistic economy.
In this chapter, we’ll discuss stock market operations and stock valuation.
Lesson 9 – Characterizing Risk and ReturnYou can invest your money very safely by opening a savings account at a bank or by buying Treasury bills. So why would you invest your money in risky stocks and bonds if you can take advantage of low-risk opportunities? The answer: Very low-risk investments also provide a very low return. Investors take on higher risk investments in expectation of earning higher returns. In this chapter, you’ll see how the risk-return relationship fundamentally affects finance theory. We focus on using historical information to characterize past returns and risks. We show how you can diversify to eliminate some risk and expect the highest return possible for your desired risk level. In Chapter 10, we’ll turn to estimating the risks and returns you should expect in the future.
Lesson 10 – Estimating Risk and ReturnIs it possible for investors to know the exact risk they have to take? In Chapters 9 and 10, we explore methods to find the return that individual or institutional investors require to make a particular investment attractive. In the previous chapter, we established a positive relationship between risk and return using historical data. Risk and return play an undeniable role as investors seek the best return for the least risk. But until there’s some way to forecast the future, financial managers and investors must make investment decisions armed only with their expectations about future risk and return. We need an exact specification that directly shows the amount of reward required for investors to take the level of risk in a given firm’s stock or portfolio of securities.
In this chapter, we will also see how investors get the information they need to make risk-reward decisions.
>Management homework help
UncategorizedBook reference: Johnson, C. E. (2019). Organizational ethics: A practical approach (4th ed.). SAGE. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/ 9781506361765
You have been tasked with creating a transition plan for REM closing its production facilities in three rural areas. The plan will involve assisting workers in finding other work, offering retraining, offering a severance package, or assisting in relocation to a new facility. Thinking about the corporate social responsibility topics from our readings, what will your main concerns be regarding human resources and leaving the communities that have supported the company for so many years? How will you incorporate these concerns in your transition plan?
>English homework help
UncategorizedStep 2 // Describe where you believe your culture falls in each dimension set (ex: more towards individualism or more towards collectivism) and discuss what makes you believe so. Give many examples by researching your culture in these dimensions as well as discussing your family/cultural values with personal stories and examples.
Your responses should be in complete sentences, checking spelling and grammar. You should use the text for support in defining/identifying the dimensions. Your response should be about 2 – 3 pages double-spaced with 12-point font
Cultural Dimension
Description
Individualism
Collectivism
Masculinity
Femininity
High power distance
Low power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Long-term orientation
Short-term orientation
What clinical findings correlate with M.K.’s chronic bronchitis? What type of treatment and recommendations would be appropriate for M.K.’s chronic bronchitis?
UncategorizedReview the following case study and complete the questions that follow. For this assignment, write your responses to each question as one narrative rather than separating your responses by question number. Include an introduction and a conclusion. Submit your answers using APA format, well-written sentences, and detailed explanations. Your analysis must be scientifically sound, necessary, and sufficient.
You must also include a bibliography of at least 3 sources (with at least one non Internet source). Your textbook may not be included as a source for this assignment. Refer to the rubric for more information on how your assignment will be graded.
Case Study
M.K. is a 45-year-old female, measuring 5’5” and weighs 225 lbs. M.K. has a history of smoking about 22 years along with a poor diet. She has a history of Type II diabetes mellitusalong with primary hypertension. M.K. has recently been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. Her current symptoms include chronic cough, more severe in the mornings with sputum, light-headedness, distended neck veins, excessive peripheral edema, and increase urination at night. Her current medications include Lotensin and Lasix for the hypertension along with Glucophage for the Type II diabetes mellitus.
The following are lab findings that are pertinent to this case:
Vitals
BP
158/98 mm Hg
CBC
Hematocrit
57%
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
7.3 %
Arterial Blood Gas Assessment
PaCO₂
52 mm Hg
PaO₂
48 mm Hg
Lipid Panel
Cholesterol
242 mg/dL
HDL
32 mg/dL
LDL
173 mg/dL
Triglycerides
1000 mg/dL
Human Resource Management homework help
UncategorizedLocate an article describing a collective bargaining situation that has arisen within the year. This article should be from a newspaper, an academic journal, or a credible online news source (try searching “collective bargaining in the news”). Attach the article or give the link. Use a minimum of two additional references from the course materials to support your discussion and to respond to the questions in the assignment. Use headings to separate the sections of the paper, double-space, and Times New Roman font, cover page, page numbers, and APA format.
1. Identify your main article: https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2020/06/01/mls-threatens-player-lockout-over-collective-bargaining-dispute/5309589002/
Using APA guidelines state the proper citation for the article.
2. Respond to these questions:
What is the nature of the collective bargaining dispute?
What are the underlying causes of the dispute?
What economic or ethical pressures has each side attempted to use to prevail in the dispute?
If there is any evidence of any illegal or unethical conduct on either side, describe it in detail.
Was the dispute resolved? If so, how? If not, what are the possible resolutions?
What, if any, role was played by third parties in resolving this bargaining dispute? What was the identity of the third party?
In retrospect, could this dispute have been resolved in a more constructive fashion? If so, how?
Course materials to support
https://open.lib.umn.edu/humanresourcemanagement/chapter/12-1-the-nature-of-unions
https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/labor
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1935-passage-wagner-act
https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb
https://www.nlrb.gov/resources/nlrb-process/unfair-labor-practice-process-chart
https://www.ueunion.org/org_steps.html
https://hbr.org/1981/07/step-by-step-through-a-union-campaign
https://www.nlrb.gov/rights-we-protect/rights/employer-union-rights-and-obligations
Supporting Health Behavior Change
Nursing HomeworksShort Paper: Supporting Health Behavior Change
Many factors combine to influence individual and population health. Individual health behaviors significantly impact overall health. Health behaviors contribute significantly to population health (Booske, Athens, Kindig, Park, & Remington, 2010). Despite knowledge of the compelling evidence of the benefits, actually changing one’s health behaviors can be a more complex and challenging process than imagined.
Poly Ryan proposed the Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change (ITHBC) that purports “health behavior change can be enhanced by fostering knowledge and beliefs, increasing self-regulation skills and abilities, and enhancing social facilitation” (Ryan, 2009, p. 165). Read this article to gain a better understanding of the factors that facilitate health behavior change.
For this assignment, you will select ONE health behavior change that can positively impact population health in general. The health behavior does not necessarily relate to your CHA or CHIP health concern or population. You may want to select a health behavior change that you have considered making yourself.
Submit a brief paper (2 pages, in APA format) that addresses the following:
· Describe the targeted health behavior, and summarize the impact of that health behavior on chronic conditions.
· Summarize the ITHBC and describe how it can be used to facilitate health behavior change.
· Design at least two specific interventions to support health behavior change that reflect the ITHBC (or critique two existing programs or interventions using the standards of the ITHBC).
See Grading Rubric on next page
References
Booske, B. C., Athen, J. K., Kindig, D. A., Park, H., & Remington, P. L. (2010). Different perspectives for assigning weights to determinants of health. [white paper]. Retrieved from https://uwphi.pophealth.wisc.edu/index.htm
Ryan, P. (2009). Integrated theory of health behavior change: Background and intervention development. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 23(3), 161-172. doi: 10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181a42373
Grading Rubric: Short Paper
>Psychology homework help
UncategorizedResponse Guidelines
Read the posts of your peers and respond to two. Your response should be substantive and demonstrate your understanding of the material. What aspects of the post do you like or agree with and why? Are there areas that are not clear? Did the post spark questions that you would like to ask your peer? In this, and in all of your courseroom posts, be sure to keep your tone scholarly, respectful, and professional.
Post 1
Tammy Greenfield
I watched the recording of the “New Learner Orientation” this week. I had previous knowledge of the required 2,000 supervision hours, but have not completed a plan for acquiring them. Currently, I have two options I am considering. One get a virtual supervisor to gain hours while teaching in a preschool classroom for children with disabilities or two work for an ABA clinic as an RBT to gain supervision hours. I have previously liked the option of gaining hours within an ABA clinic, as I would gain experience in a non-classroom setting. This experience is important to me because I am not quiet sure I want to remain in the school system as a classroom teacher or BCBA. However, being a classroom teacher with a family does not leave me with a lot of downtime to take on a part-time job working ABA. I do not intend to acquire supervision hours until summer of 2021; allowing me the time to get my RBT certification and take on a part-time job. Ideally having a supervisor through an ABA clinic and a virtual supervisor to acquire hours while teaching would be the best-case scenario. I was unaware that multiple supervisors were allowed until watching the “New Learner Orientation” recording. To accrue unrestricted fieldwork hours I can collect data, complete functional behavior assessments, and train staff on behavior programs. All activities I am currently responsible for within my classroom. A second key take away is creating an account even though I am not currently completing hours. Last, Julianne Lasley explained the fieldwork tracker provided through the BACB website is not turned in monthly. It is used to track our hours and we would only need to show it if the BACB requested them.
Currently the biggest barrier I am facing involves time; how do I teach and take care of a child while gaining fieldwork hours? I am also reevaluating my overall goal for obtaining my BCBA. As I work with more pre-school age students and families, I find myself very interested in parent and community training. Especially giving parents the skills to set up a routine and expectations within a home environment that accommodates all members of the family. I am also interested in further educating my community members and businesses; especially daycares. It is unfortunate and heartbreaking when parents share experiences that involve their child being kicked out of a program. Overall, I will remain in the classroom setting for three more years while my son is in elementary school and I am completing my degree.
Post 2
Chelsea Germany Unit 4 discussionCOLLAPSE
I did attend the new learner orientation and I learned a great deal. I plan on doing my field work at a local organization called Beyond Expectations. Once I start my hours hopefully in January, I will then get in contact with somebody who is certified to help me obtain my hours.I will get as many hours in a month as I can I do have a full-time jobso it will be all my days off but I will do everything I can to make sure that I have all my hours in time for me to take the exam when the time comes. I chose this location because of the values that they have and the standards that they hold not only for themselves but for their clients as well they also do work with children and adults with autism which is helpful to me because my wife has autism and we will go through them when we do get her officially tested. Based on the new learner orientation one of the ways that you can incur unrestricted Field hours is to be supervised by somebody that is not certified to supervise so I will make sure that whoever is supervising me has taken the required courses necessary to be certified to be a supervisor so that I will not incur any unrestricted hours.
there are many things that I learned during the new learner orientation. The first thing that stood out to me was not only does Capella have resources but the board certified behavior analyst site has a number of resources as well that I can utilize and will utilize when I do my field work as well as when I am working in the field. The second thing that I learned was there’s a right way to get hours and a wrong way to get hours and to make sure that whoever is supervising me is certified so that I do not have to repeat any hours. The third thing that I took away from the new learner orientation was it I just need to have my hours completed by the time I’m ready to take exam not necessarily the end of my program. This is a weight lifted off my shoulders for me because I do have a full-time job and more than likely will not be working full-time in the field of ABA until after I’ve taken the exam and passed.
The only barrier that I can foresee is me having difficulty with the test for certification. I am a horrible test taker I have severe test anxiety and have had test anxiety for years I do my best to focus on the test but a lot of times my nerves get the better of me which has resulted in me failing first attempts.
homeostasis
Nursing HomeworksDiscussion
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in the human body is termed:
positive feedback.
negative feedback.
homeostasis.
effector control.
QUESTION 2
cells; tissues
molecules; atoms
organs; systems
atoms; molecules
QUESTION 3
disease
genetics
structures
functions
QUESTION 4
symptom.
chief complaint.
diagnosis.
QUESTION 5
prognosis.
diagnosis.
pathology.
etiology
6. Discuss when you would place the patient in the following positions: Trendelenburg, lithotomy, lateral Sims, High Fowler, and dorsal recumbent.
Your response must be at least 300 words in length.
Your response must be at least 300 words in length.
Your response must be at least 300 words in length.