Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fundamentals of Biochemistry
Fourth Edition
Chapter 18 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Donald Voet • Judith G. Voet • Charlotte W. Pratt
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Structure of the Mitochondrion A Few Aspects of Communication Between Cytosol and
Mitochondrion Overview of Electron Transport in Mito Membrane
Intro to Some New Players – Co-Enzyme Q, Fe-S proteins and Cytochromes
Organization of Electron Transport Generation of Proton Motive Force by Arrangement of e-
carriers ATP synthesis – ATPase is a machine
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 The Mitochondrion
Key Concepts 18.1 • A highly folded, protein-rich inner membrane separates the
mitochondrial matrix from the outer membrane.
• Transport proteins are required to import reducing
equivalents, ADP, and Pi into the mitochondria.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Animal Mitochondrion
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mitochondrion Cutaway Diagram
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mitochondrial Cristae
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inner Membrane Is Rich In Proteins
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Glycerophosphate Shuttle
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bovine ATP-ADP Translocator: Ligand Induced Conformational Changes
Bovine heart ATP-ADP translocator PDBid 2C3E
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bovine ATP-ADP Translocator: Positively Charged Cavity Binds ATP
Bovine heart ATP-ADP translocator PDBid 2C3E
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 The Mitochondrion
Checkpoint 18.1 • Draw a simple diagram of a mitochondrion and idenAfy its
structural features.
• Describe how shuBle systems transport reducing
equivalents into the mitochondria.
• Explain how the free energy of the proton gradient drives
the transport of ATP, ADP, and Pi.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 Electron Transport
Key Concepts 18.2 • The free energy of electron transport from NADH to O
2 can
drive the synthesis of approximately 2.5 ATP.
• Electron carriers are arranged in the mitochondrial
membrane so that electrons travel from Complexes I and II
via coenzyme Q to Complex III, and from there via
cytochrome c to Complex IV. • The L-shaped Complex I transfers electrons from NADH to
CoQ via a series of iron–sulfur clusters and translocates four
protons to the intermembrane space.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 Electron Transport
Key Concepts 18.2 • Complex II transfers electrons from succinate to the CoQ
pool but does not contribute to the transmembrane proton
gradient.
• Electrons from Complex III are transferred to cytochrome c and two protons are translocated during the operaAon of the Q cycle in Complex III.
• Complex IV accepts electrons from cytochrome c to reduce O
2 to H
2 O and translocates four protons for every two
electrons transferred.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overview of Electron Transport
air
vectory arrangement of alternating carries the electron and proton or the electron only
air
damp on the other side
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inhibitors Reveal Electron-Transport Chain Sequence of Events
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reduction Potentials of ETC Components
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reduction Potentials of ETC Components
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mitochondrial Electron-Transport Chain
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Iron-Sulfur Clusters
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Complex I
Complex I from Thermus thermophilus PDBid 3M9S
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Oxidation States of FMN & CoQ
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Oxidation States of FMN & CoQ
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peripheral Arm of Complex I
Thermus thermophilus PDBid 2FUG
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Redox Active Prosthetic Groups Peripheral Arm of Complex I
Thermus thermophilus PDBid 2FUG
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Complex II
Chicken Complex II PDBid 1YQ3
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Box 18-1: Cytochromes are Electron -Transport Heme Proteins
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Box 18-1: Cytochromes are Electron -Transport Heme Proteins
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Complex III
Yeast Complex III PDBid 1KYO
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Q Cycle
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stigmatellin Blocks Qo Site
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cytochrome c
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Complex IV
Bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase homodimer PDBid 1V54
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Redox Centers of Complex IV
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Proposed Reaction Sequence for Complex IV
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 Electron Transport
Checkpoint 18.2 • Describe the route followed by electrons from glucose to O
2 .
• Write the net equaAon for electron transfer from NADH to
O 2 .
• Assuming 100% efficiency, calculate the maximum amount of
ATP that could be synthesized as a result.
• For each of the electron-transport complexes, write the
relevant redox half-reacAons.
• PosiAon the four electron-transport complexes on a graph
showing their relaAve reducAon potenAals, and indicate the
path of electron flow.
• How did inhibitors reveal the order of electron transport?
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Key Concepts 18.3 • The chemiosmoAc theory explains how a proton gradient
links electron transport to ATP synthesis.
• ATP synthase consists of an F1 component that catalyzes
ATP synthesis by a binding change mechanism.
• The F0 component of ATP synthase includes a c-ring whose rotaAon is driven by the dissipaAon of the proton gradient
and drives conformaAonal changes in the F1 component.
• For every two electrons that enter the electron-transport
chain as NADH and reduce one oxygen atom, approximately
2.5 ATP molecules are produced, giving a P/O raAo of 2.5.
• Agents that dissipate the proton gradient can uncouple
electron transport and ATP synthesis.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Coupling of Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Box 18-3: Bacterial Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Box 18-3: Bacterial Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
F1 Components of ATP Synthase Protrude From Mitochondrial Cristae
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
F1 Component of ATP Synthase
Bovine F1-ATP synthase PDBid 1E79
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Model of F1F0-ATPase
F1F0-ATPase PDBids 1JNV, 2A7U, and 1B9U
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Binding Change Mechanism for ATP Synthase
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inner Sleeve of F1 α3β3 Assembly Interacts with γ-Subunit
F1 α3β3 PDBid 1BMF
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Model of F1F0-ATPase
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
pH-Dependent Conformational Change of c Subunit of F1F0-ATPase
C subunit of E. coli F1F0-ATPase PDBid 1COV
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
ATP-Dependent Rotation of c-Ring From F1F0-ATPase
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
ATP-Dependent Rotation of c-Ring From F1F0-ATPase
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nonphysiological Electron Donor Yields ATP
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Can Be Uncoupled From Electron Transport
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Checkpoint 18.3 • Summarize the chemiosmoAc theory.
• Explain why an intact, impermeable mitochondrial membrane
is essenAal for ATP synthesis.
• Describe the overall structure of the F1 and F0 components of
ATP synthase. Which parts move? Which are staAonary? Which
are mostly staAonary but undergo conformaAonal changes?
• Summarize the steps of the binding change mechanism.
• Describe how protons move from the intermembrane space
into the matrix. How is proton translocaAon linked to ATP
synthesis?
• Explain why the P/O raAo for a given substrate is not
necessarily an integer.
• Explain how oxidaAve phosphorylaAon is linked to electron
transport and how the two processes can be uncoupled.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 Control of Oxidative Metabolism
Key Concepts 18.4 • The rate of oxidaAve phosphorylaAon is coordinated with
the cell s other oxidaAve pathways.
• Although aerobic metabolism is efficient, it leads to the
producAon of reacAve oxygen species.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Box 18-4: Uncoupling in Brown Adipose Tissue Generates Heat
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Coordinated Control of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Coordinated Control of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Coordinated Control of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Box 18-5: Oxygen Deprivation in Heart Attack & Stroke
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electrostatic Effects in SOD
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 1; 88(11): 4870–4873. Mitochondrial respiration in hummingbird flight muscles. R K Suarez, J R Lighton, G S Brown, and O Mathieu-Costello Abstract Respiration rates of muscle mitochondria in flying hummingbirds range from 7 to 10 ml of O2 per cm3 of mitochondria per min, which is about 2 times higher than the range obtained in the locomotory muscles of mammals running at their maximum aerobic capacities (VO2max). Capillary volume density is higher in hummingbird flight muscles than in mammalian skeletal muscles. Mitochondria occupy approximately 35% of fiber volume in hummingbird flight muscles and cluster beneath the sarcolemmal membrane adjacent to capillaries to a greater extent than in mammalian muscles. Measurements of protein content, citrate synthase activity, and respiratory rates in vitro per unit mitochondrial volume reveal no significant differences between hummingbird and mammalian skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, inner membrane surface areas per unit mitochondrial volume [Sv(im,m)] are higher than those in mammalian muscle. We propose that both mitochondrial volume densities and Sv(im,m) are near their maximum theoretical limits in hummingbirds and that higher rates of mitochondrial respiration than those observed in mammals are achieved in vivo as a result of higher capacities for O2 delivery and substrate catabolism.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mitochondrial responses to prolonged anoxia in brain of red-eared slider turtles Matthew E. Pamenter, Crisostomo R. Gomez, Jeffrey G. Richards, William K. Milsom Published 13 January 2016.DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0797 /.panel-row-wrapper. “Biology Letters” Mitochondria are central to aerobic energy production and play a key role in neuronal signalling. During anoxia, however, the mitochondria of most vertebrates initiate deleterious cell death cascades. Nonetheless, a handful of vertebrate species, including some freshwater turtles, are remarkably tolerant of low oxygen environments and survive months of anoxia without apparent damage to brain tissue. This tolerance suggests that mitochondria in the brains of such species are adapted to withstand prolonged anoxia, but little is known about potential neuroprotective responses. In this study, we address such mechanisms by comparing mitochondrial function between brain tissues isolated from cold-acclimated red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) exposed to two weeks of either normoxia or anoxia. We found that brain mitochondria from anoxia -acclimated turtles exhibited a unique phenotype of remodelling relative to normoxic controls, including: (i) decreased citrate synthase and F1FO-ATPase activity but maintained protein content, (ii) markedly reduced aerobic capacity, and (iii) mild uncoupling of the mitochondrial proton gradient. These data suggest that turtle brain mitochondria respond to low oxygen stress with a unique suite of changes tailored towards neuroprotection.
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 18 Control of Oxidative Metabolism
Checkpoint 18.4 • How do the ATP mass acAon raAo and the IF1 protein
regulate ATP synthesis?
• What control mechanisms link glycolysis, the citric acid
cycle, and oxidaAve phosphorylaAon?
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of oxygen
-based metabolism.
• How do cells minimize oxidaAve damage?
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.
Nursing homework help
UncategorizedChoose one health-promoting behavior in which you personally could but don’t engage. Identify factors, as defined in the health promotion model, which contribute to your decision not to participate. Include immediate competing alternatives.
2. Analyze factors that contribute to your participation in a health-promoting activity and place each factor under the appropriate label from the health promotion model.
3. Consider your own philosophy of health and prepare your description of wellness. Is absence of disease more prominent than positive, active statements of health?
4. Anticipate the health-promoting behaviors important at various stages of development across the life span. What health promotion topics do you include in your practice?
Advanced Biochemistry
Nursing HomeworksAdvanced Biochemistry – Metabolism 45 questions assignment
Fundamentals of Biochemistry
Fourth Edition
Chapter 18 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Donald Voet • Judith G. Voet • Charlotte W. Pratt
The Structure of the Mitochondrion A Few Aspects of Communication Between Cytosol and
Mitochondrion Overview of Electron Transport in Mito Membrane
Intro to Some New Players – Co-Enzyme Q, Fe-S proteins and Cytochromes
Organization of Electron Transport Generation of Proton Motive Force by Arrangement of e-
carriers ATP synthesis – ATPase is a machine
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Overview: Oxidative Fuel Metabolism
Chapter 18 The Mitochondrion
Key Concepts 18.1 • A highly folded, protein-rich inner membrane separates the
mitochondrial matrix from the outer membrane.
• Transport proteins are required to import reducing
equivalents, ADP, and Pi into the mitochondria.
Animal Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion Cutaway Diagram
Mitochondrial Cristae
Inner Membrane Is Rich In Proteins
Glycerophosphate Shuttle
Bovine ATP-ADP Translocator: Ligand Induced Conformational Changes
Bovine heart ATP-ADP translocator PDBid 2C3E
Bovine ATP-ADP Translocator: Positively Charged Cavity Binds ATP
Bovine heart ATP-ADP translocator PDBid 2C3E
Chapter 18 The Mitochondrion
Checkpoint 18.1 • Draw a simple diagram of a mitochondrion and idenAfy its
structural features.
• Describe how shuBle systems transport reducing
equivalents into the mitochondria.
• Explain how the free energy of the proton gradient drives
the transport of ATP, ADP, and Pi.
Chapter 18 Electron Transport
Key Concepts 18.2 • The free energy of electron transport from NADH to O
2 can
drive the synthesis of approximately 2.5 ATP.
• Electron carriers are arranged in the mitochondrial
membrane so that electrons travel from Complexes I and II
via coenzyme Q to Complex III, and from there via
cytochrome c to Complex IV. • The L-shaped Complex I transfers electrons from NADH to
CoQ via a series of iron–sulfur clusters and translocates four
protons to the intermembrane space.
Chapter 18 Electron Transport
Key Concepts 18.2 • Complex II transfers electrons from succinate to the CoQ
pool but does not contribute to the transmembrane proton
gradient.
• Electrons from Complex III are transferred to cytochrome c and two protons are translocated during the operaAon of the Q cycle in Complex III.
• Complex IV accepts electrons from cytochrome c to reduce O
2 to H
2 O and translocates four protons for every two
electrons transferred.
Overview of Electron Transport
Inhibitors Reveal Electron-Transport Chain Sequence of Events
Reduction Potentials of ETC Components
Reduction Potentials of ETC Components
Mitochondrial Electron-Transport Chain
Iron-Sulfur Clusters
Complex I
Complex I from Thermus thermophilus PDBid 3M9S
Oxidation States of FMN & CoQ
Oxidation States of FMN & CoQ
Peripheral Arm of Complex I
Thermus thermophilus PDBid 2FUG
Redox Active Prosthetic Groups Peripheral Arm of Complex I
Thermus thermophilus PDBid 2FUG
Complex II
Chicken Complex II PDBid 1YQ3
Box 18-1: Cytochromes are Electron -Transport Heme Proteins
Box 18-1: Cytochromes are Electron -Transport Heme Proteins
Complex III
Yeast Complex III PDBid 1KYO
The Q Cycle
Stigmatellin Blocks Qo Site
Cytochrome c
Complex IV
Bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase homodimer PDBid 1V54
Redox Centers of Complex IV
Proposed Reaction Sequence for Complex IV
Chapter 18 Electron Transport
Checkpoint 18.2 • Describe the route followed by electrons from glucose to O
2 .
• Write the net equaAon for electron transfer from NADH to
O 2 .
• Assuming 100% efficiency, calculate the maximum amount of
ATP that could be synthesized as a result.
• For each of the electron-transport complexes, write the
relevant redox half-reacAons.
• PosiAon the four electron-transport complexes on a graph
showing their relaAve reducAon potenAals, and indicate the
path of electron flow.
• How did inhibitors reveal the order of electron transport?
Chapter 18 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Key Concepts 18.3 • The chemiosmoAc theory explains how a proton gradient
links electron transport to ATP synthesis.
• ATP synthase consists of an F1 component that catalyzes
ATP synthesis by a binding change mechanism.
• The F0 component of ATP synthase includes a c-ring whose rotaAon is driven by the dissipaAon of the proton gradient
and drives conformaAonal changes in the F1 component.
• For every two electrons that enter the electron-transport
chain as NADH and reduce one oxygen atom, approximately
2.5 ATP molecules are produced, giving a P/O raAo of 2.5.
• Agents that dissipate the proton gradient can uncouple
electron transport and ATP synthesis.
Coupling of Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
Box 18-3: Bacterial Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation
Box 18-3: Bacterial Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation
F1 Components of ATP Synthase Protrude From Mitochondrial Cristae
F1 Component of ATP Synthase
Bovine F1-ATP synthase PDBid 1E79
Model of F1F0-ATPase
F1F0-ATPase PDBids 1JNV, 2A7U, and 1B9U
Binding Change Mechanism for ATP Synthase
Inner Sleeve of F1 α3β3 Assembly Interacts with γ-Subunit
F1 α3β3 PDBid 1BMF
Model of F1F0-ATPase
pH-Dependent Conformational Change of c Subunit of F1F0-ATPase
C subunit of E. coli F1F0-ATPase PDBid 1COV
ATP-Dependent Rotation of c-Ring From F1F0-ATPase
ATP-Dependent Rotation of c-Ring From F1F0-ATPase
Nonphysiological Electron Donor Yields ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation Can Be Uncoupled From Electron Transport
Chapter 18 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Checkpoint 18.3 • Summarize the chemiosmoAc theory.
• Explain why an intact, impermeable mitochondrial membrane
is essenAal for ATP synthesis.
• Describe the overall structure of the F1 and F0 components of
ATP synthase. Which parts move? Which are staAonary? Which
are mostly staAonary but undergo conformaAonal changes?
• Summarize the steps of the binding change mechanism.
• Describe how protons move from the intermembrane space
into the matrix. How is proton translocaAon linked to ATP
synthesis?
• Explain why the P/O raAo for a given substrate is not
necessarily an integer.
• Explain how oxidaAve phosphorylaAon is linked to electron
transport and how the two processes can be uncoupled.
Chapter 18 Control of Oxidative Metabolism
Key Concepts 18.4 • The rate of oxidaAve phosphorylaAon is coordinated with
the cell s other oxidaAve pathways.
• Although aerobic metabolism is efficient, it leads to the
producAon of reacAve oxygen species.
Box 18-4: Uncoupling in Brown Adipose Tissue Generates Heat
Coordinated Control of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
Coordinated Control of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
Coordinated Control of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
Box 18-5: Oxygen Deprivation in Heart Attack & Stroke
Electrostatic Effects in SOD
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 1; 88(11): 4870–4873. Mitochondrial respiration in hummingbird flight muscles. R K Suarez, J R Lighton, G S Brown, and O Mathieu-Costello Abstract Respiration rates of muscle mitochondria in flying hummingbirds range from 7 to 10 ml of O2 per cm3 of mitochondria per min, which is about 2 times higher than the range obtained in the locomotory muscles of mammals running at their maximum aerobic capacities (VO2max). Capillary volume density is higher in hummingbird flight muscles than in mammalian skeletal muscles. Mitochondria occupy approximately 35% of fiber volume in hummingbird flight muscles and cluster beneath the sarcolemmal membrane adjacent to capillaries to a greater extent than in mammalian muscles. Measurements of protein content, citrate synthase activity, and respiratory rates in vitro per unit mitochondrial volume reveal no significant differences between hummingbird and mammalian skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, inner membrane surface areas per unit mitochondrial volume [Sv(im,m)] are higher than those in mammalian muscle. We propose that both mitochondrial volume densities and Sv(im,m) are near their maximum theoretical limits in hummingbirds and that higher rates of mitochondrial respiration than those observed in mammals are achieved in vivo as a result of higher capacities for O2 delivery and substrate catabolism.
Mitochondrial responses to prolonged anoxia in brain of red-eared slider turtles Matthew E. Pamenter, Crisostomo R. Gomez, Jeffrey G. Richards, William K. Milsom Published 13 January 2016.DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0797 /.panel-row-wrapper. “Biology Letters” Mitochondria are central to aerobic energy production and play a key role in neuronal signalling. During anoxia, however, the mitochondria of most vertebrates initiate deleterious cell death cascades. Nonetheless, a handful of vertebrate species, including some freshwater turtles, are remarkably tolerant of low oxygen environments and survive months of anoxia without apparent damage to brain tissue. This tolerance suggests that mitochondria in the brains of such species are adapted to withstand prolonged anoxia, but little is known about potential neuroprotective responses. In this study, we address such mechanisms by comparing mitochondrial function between brain tissues isolated from cold-acclimated red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) exposed to two weeks of either normoxia or anoxia. We found that brain mitochondria from anoxia -acclimated turtles exhibited a unique phenotype of remodelling relative to normoxic controls, including: (i) decreased citrate synthase and F1FO-ATPase activity but maintained protein content, (ii) markedly reduced aerobic capacity, and (iii) mild uncoupling of the mitochondrial proton gradient. These data suggest that turtle brain mitochondria respond to low oxygen stress with a unique suite of changes tailored towards neuroprotection.
Chapter 18 Control of Oxidative Metabolism
Checkpoint 18.4 • How do the ATP mass acAon raAo and the IF1 protein
regulate ATP synthesis?
• What control mechanisms link glycolysis, the citric acid
cycle, and oxidaAve phosphorylaAon?
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of oxygen
-based metabolism.
• How do cells minimize oxidaAve damage?
Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.
>Computer Science homework help
Uncategorizedsimple
Assignment 1
The Role of Privacy in the Workplace
Conduct research via the internet and provide a brief yet detailed paper on Privacy in the Workplace. You may select a position as to whether you believe there should be Privacy in the Workplace, or that employees do not have the right to privacy at work. Things to take into consideration are outlined below:
· What are the laws and regulations that impact privacy in the workplace?
· Why would an employer want to monitor the activities of its employees?
· What benefits / drawbacks are associated with monitoring employees?
· What could an organization use to ensure that all employees are well aware of their rights and responsibilities with regard to privacy?
· What type of monitoring systems are used in the workplace today?
For this assignment, submit a 5-6-page paper answering these questions as succinctly and completely as possible.
Paper should conform to APA style.
The page total does NOT include the title page or the reference page(s).
Do not include an abstract of table of contents.
You should have a minimum of 4 references, none of which can be Wikipedia or Techopedia.
Your paper should be more of a narrative, and not just a series of bullet lists
You have two weeks to complete this essay.
Health Information Systems–Recommendation for the Acquisition, Implementation, and Support of a Health Information System
UncategorizedHe
Health Information Systems–Recommendation for the Acquisition, Implementation, and Support of a Health Information System
PowerPoint Presentation: Health Information Technology to Address the Continuum of Care
Scenario:
Long-Term Care
Bethany Place is a 40-bed independent long-term care facility in the Pacific Northwest. They have existed for over 50 years having come from a faith-based background. With good investments and sound financial management, Bethany place has grown and is executing a capital strategic plan. They are expanding their 40-bed facility to purchase a nearby resident facility and expand into rehabilitative care, adding another 30 beds. They are approximately six months away from receiving the appropriate certificates and regulatory approvals as a rehabilitative care facility for both chronic care patients and recovery of acute head injury. The rehabilitation facility and renovations to the independent long-term care facility are scheduled to begin in the next six months and be executed over an 18-month period. Currently Bethany place has no electronic medical record. There is a third-party service that is used to scan and send automated claims to Medicare and private insurers. A local desktop IT services company was recently contracted to provide managed services to Bethany place and provides the website email and local desktop applications for staff. As part of this initiative a robust new IT network design was implemented for both Bethany place and the anticipated rehabilitation facility. The lack of an electronic health record at Bethany place has created quality issues and risk management issues particularly related to medication reconciliation with patient transfers. The board and senior leadership have asked the Bethany place management to evaluate information technology options in the form of an electronic medical record, and patient management application(s) for both Bethany place and the rehabilitation extension facility as part of executing the strategic plan.
Read the scenario from the Learning Resources you will develop a PowerPoint presentation to provide an overview of how information technology will address issues in that organization(s)/setting. You understand that for such an expensive and complex recommendation, in-depth research must be conducted along with a high level leadership plan as to how you would recommend approaching the initiative along the Systems Development Lifecycle steps: 1) Acquire; 2) Plan for; 3) Implement; and 4) Support the technology solution.
In a 15- to 20-slide PowerPoint presentation, including extensive speaker notes and 5–6 peer reviewed references applied using APA Format:
Analyze the problems and opportunities that the technology is aimed to address in this organization(s)/setting
Critique any legal and/or regulatory concerns related to using technology in this organizations(s)/setting
Acquisition: Explain your recommended steps in the systematic evaluation and acquisition of the technology
SWOT summary
Vendor partner recommendations
Process to evaluate vendors
Planning: Develop a Project Charter for how you would plan for implementing this technology.
Scope of the project/program
Key stakeholders
Risks and mitigation plans
Financial justification
Implementation:
Change Management Strategy
Security and Privacy Plan
Data sharing, systems integration needs
Use of cost reducing emerging technology platforms
Support and sustainability:
Financial sustainment plan
End user technical support plan
Potential fit with emerging industry technologies
Briefly address any competitive advantage that this technology might provide for the selected organization(s)
Discussion lll
UncategorizedPlease answer the question in the attached file below.
English homework help
UncategorizedHere are some guidelines to remember:
1. Your reference page should have a minimum of four entries, meaning four sources. At least two of your sources should come from the MDC databases.
2. Formatting for reference page:
a. Center the words References one inch from the top of the page.
b. Double space within and between entries–no extra spaces between entries.
c. Every line after the first for each source is indented.
d. Sources are listed in alphabetical order.
e. You can use one of the citation builders to create the entry: Easy Bib, Citation Machine, or an othe that you find reliable and helpful. HOWEVER, remember that these don’t always provide you with the correct spacing and indentation, and you may have to tweak those in your paper. Also, check that the entry looks like an APA reference page entry should for the type of document you are citing–whether a journal article, an interview, a magazine article, a chapter from a book, etc.
3. Email your professor with questions. You want to get this right so that no points are lost to formatting errors.
>Information Systems homework help
UncategorizedUsing the Reading Response Template below, write a 175- to 250-word response, no more than 2 paragraphs, that includes the following:
Refer to the sample response and quote sandwich method for guidance.
Submit your assignment.
Resources
Physical Security in DR/BCP
UncategorizedThe paper instruction has been attached.
Resume And Job Interview
Nursing HomeworksResume And Job Interview
2. What are the most common mistakes people make in preparing their résumés?
3. What should you know about your prospective employer before the job interview?
4. What should the interviewee try to achieve during a job interview? What should you look for? What red flags should you watch for?
5. What can you do in advance to prepare for the changes during the first year of employment?
6. Create your own SWOT analysis. How would you respond to your personal strengths and weaknesses if you were a prospective employer? How can you enhance your strengths and improve in areas of weakness?
7. Draw a career path for yourself, beginning with the present year and extending to the age of retirement. Be sure to include any “twists and turns” of the path you expect to experience along the way and any barriers you expect to encounter. How will you handle these experiences?
Do an online nationwide search for information about current job prospects in nursing.Compare opportunities in various regions of the country. Why do you think these opportunities are the same or different?
5. Develop a list of questions that you should ask a potential employer. What “homework” will you need to do to prepare for an interview?
Nursing Leadership and Management – Healthcare
UncategorizedNS5070P: Nursing Leadership and Management – Healthcare – Nursing Assignment Help
Task:
Consider how the key aspects of nursing leadership and management we have been studying impact healthcare organizations. Understanding these is a core competency for nursing leaders and managers. In depth exploration of these aspects will improve your working knowledge of their importance and application as a nursing leader or manager. In an effort to provide you with a strong foundation in this area, this assignment asks that you critically examine and analyze one of these key aspects as it applies to a focused healthcare setting.
Writing/content instructions:
Select an aspect of nursing leadership and/or management that you learned about in your readings, class, or through your research efforts. For example, consider the variety of aspects we have discussed including but not limited to ethics, planned change, education, fiscal planning, communication, quality control, or perhaps staffing or motivation.
Chose a specific type of healthcare organisation/setting. For example you may wish to consider a local hospital, outpatient clinic, or rehabilitation centre/nursing home on which to focus the paper.
Utilizing a minimum of 3 peer-reviewed, evidence-based references from materials found in the library, class, and your text books, apply nursing leadership and/or management concepts and theories to critically analyze the key aspect you have chosen. Discuss how the key aspect you have selected relates to the healthcare organisation/setting you have chosen.
Consider the following questions as you develop your paper:
What is the current state of the key aspect you have chosen in regards to the setting you have identified. Consider including its importance, change in value over time (has it become more or less important), and does it have a critical application to the healthcare organisation/setting you have chosen and if so, what impact does it have on the setting?
What are some current challenges/barriers facing nursing leadership and managers in this healthcare setting as it relates to the key aspect you have chosen to discuss? What would you do to overcome these challenges?
What recommendations would you make to the organisation/setting as to how they could apply this key aspect to improve the quality of patient care?