As you know, promoting positive social change is a part of the Walden mission. To be an effective agent for social change, nurses must be able to logically and critically analyze population health issues using epidemiologic concepts, and then communicate insights in a succinct and professional manner. This exercise will afford you such an experience.

This week, you will complete Assignment 1 in preparation for Major Assessment 7, in which you will apply epidemiologic principles and develop an intervention for a health problem.

For this Assignment, you will examine a health problem of interest to you, and you will develop a brief paper (2 pages) outlining the significance of the health problem and describing it in terms of person, place, and time. This outline will help your Instructor determine if the topic you selected is appropriate for the Major Assessment paper.

Prepare for Assignment 1 as follows:

• Review      the Major      Assessment Overview (see attached).
• Determine      a population health problem that is viable for completing this paper. You      may use the problem you identified in the Week 1, 2,      or Week 3 Discussion, or you may select a new one.
• Determine      the characteristics of the health problem in terms of person, place, and      time.
• Using      the Walden Library and credible websites, conduct additional research on      your selected population health problem. Consider the significance of this      health problem.
• Examine      how Healthy People 2020, listed in the Learning Resources, supports the      importance of addressing your selected health problem.
• Develop      a preliminary research question or hypothesis appropriate for your topic.

To complete:

Write a  2-page paper that addresses the following:

1) Introduction (must end with a purpose statement, e.g. “the purpose of this paper is …)

2) Describe the population health problem in terms of person, place, and time.

3) From the primary research literature and Healthy People 2020, briefly explain the significance of this health problem.

4) Include your preliminary research question or hypothesis. (PICOT format for the research question).

5) A conclusion

By Day 7 (tomorrow Sunday 03/18/2018 at 4 pm latest Submit your a 2-page paper in order to receive feedback on your topic

Required Readings

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Chapter 6, “Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case Control”

Chapter 7, “Study Designs: Cohort Studies”

Chapter 6 presents an overview of analytic study designs used in epidemiology, differentiating between experimental studies (which will be addressed next week) and observational studies (the focus of this week). In the chapter, the authors address three varieties of observational studies—ecological, cross-sectional, and case control. Chapter 7 addresses cohort studies, another form of observational design.

Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1999). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77(1), 84–93.

This landmark case-control study established the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

Framingham Heart Study. (1998). Epidemiological background and design: The Framingham study. Retrieved from https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/static/studies/framcohort/Epidemiological_Background_and_Design.pdf

The Framingham Heart Study is one of the first and largest cohort studies that measured the distribution of suspected risk factors in a large population and then tracked the development of heart disease in that cohort.

Papathanasiou, A. A., & Zintzaras, E. (2010). Assessing the quality of reporting of observational studies in cancer. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(1), 67–73. 

In this article, the authors assess the quality of reporting of observational cancer studies, noting opportunities for improvement.

Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573–577.

A consortium of scientists and medical researchers created a checklist of 22 recommended items that should be included in reports about three common observational study designs: case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies. This collaborative effort is an important step toward the goal of improving the quality, credibility, and generalizability of analytical research.

Healthy People 2020. (2011). Topics & objectives index. Retrieved from http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/default.aspx

Healthy People 2020 focuses on improving population health locally and nationally. Review the topics and objectives of Healthy People 2020 as you prepare for Assignment 2.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Epidemiology and population health: Observational studies [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 9 minutes.

In this week’s program, the presenters discuss observational studies as a means of establishing an association between an exposure or risk factor and a disease outcome. Two types of observational designs are featured: cohort and case control studies.

Optional Resources

The following ERIC notebook guides present information in a reader-friendly study guide format.

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Cohort studies. ERIC Notebook, 3, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_3.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Incidence measures in cohort studies. ERIC Notebook, 4, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_4.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Case-control studies. ERIC Notebook, 5, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_5.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (1999). Cross-sectional studies. ERIC Notebook, 7, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_7.pdf

Ibrahim, M., Alexander, L., Shy, C., & Farr, S. (2000). Ecologic studies. ERIC Notebook, 12, 1–4. Retrieved from http://cphp.sph.unc.edu/trainingpackages/ERIC/eric_notebook_12.pdf

Historical Context of the U.S. Constitution
“A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth.” – Thomas Jefferson
In 1783 American colonists, defying incredible odds, had just beaten the United Kingdom, the western hemisphere’s preeminent power, in the American War for Independence. (NPS.gov, n.d.) Those thirteen colonies, saddled with a new governmental charter, the Articles of Confederation, sought to chart their own, independent path. (Gilderlehrman, n.d.) As a result, in 1787 disgruntled colonists sent delegates to Philadelphia with the task of revising the dysfunctional Articles of Confederation. In a radical departure, most delegates opted against amending the existing constitution, and instead, created a new Constitution. (OConnor & Sabato, 2019)
During the four-month Constitutional Convention, the delegates readily agreed upon James Madison’s basic premise of a new United States government delineated along three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. That said, most delegates envisioned a strong legislative body and a weak executive office. Real disagreements arose regarding the composition of the legislative body, in particular the election and responsibilities of senators. Slavery proved a vexing issue to which a compromise allowed slaves to be partially counted for Congressional representation. (Maier, 2011)
One of the last arguments of the convention involved the question of whether to include a “Bill of Rights” within the U.S. Constitution. Many delegates did not believe that a Bill of Rights was a necessary component. After the Constitutional Convention and during the Constitution’s ratification, James Madison consented to Thomas Jefferson’s concerns regarding individual liberty and thus pledged to add additional amendments that would codify an individual’s rights within the federal government. During the first session of Congress in 1789, Madison composed a series of Amendments designed to safeguard a citizen’s individual liberties from a potentially powerful federal government, which are now collectively known as the Bill of Rights. (Maier, 2011)
The debate over the Bill of Rights, among other significant concerns, later split the Founding Fathers into two political camps: the Federalists and Antifederalists. These groups later became this country’s first set of political parties, and notably, established a dominant, two-party system.
More information about the Constitutional Convention can be found with the U.S. State Department’s Office of the Historian.
Although a living document, the original writing of the U.S. Constitution reflected the political, social, and economic factors particular to late Eighteenth-century America. During the Constitutional Convention, the delegates included and/or excluded content within the Constitution that reflected the historical and/or philosophical concerns from their own perspectives: steeped in the philosophies of the European Enlightenment, formed by memories of a war of independence against Imperial Great Britain, cognizant of the current failures of the current constitution, and alarmed by the post-independence civil unrest. (Lumens, 2019)
Directions: Using the required, academic readings, and supplemental academic research, please address the following while adhering to the Discussion Board Rubric:
Briefly describe the powers the Constitution gives to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
What Article within the Constitution explains how the Constitution can be changed?
What was the purpose of the Preamble of the U.S. Constitution?
Select two Articles, Sections, and/or Clauses within the 1789 U.S. Constitution.
You may pick from Articles I-VII and the first ten Amendments.*
Note: If you pick an Article, you may decide to focus on a particular Section or Clause within the Article. For example: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1: “The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.”
Explain in specific detail how historical and/or philosophical influences resulted in the writing of this component of the U.S. Constitution.
Why did you pick your chosen examples?
Did the chosen examples ultimately benefit the U.S. government? Why?
*You may pick an example that was proposed during the Constitutional Convention but did not survive the final writing of the U.S. Constitution.
References:
Article Articles of Confederation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-04759.pdf.
Maier, P. (2011). Ratification: the people debate the Constitution, 1787-1788. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Learning, L. (n.d.). US History I (AY Collection). Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ushistory1ay/chapter/shays-rebellion/.
McLean, J. (n.d.). History of Western Civilization II. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-age-of-enlightenment/.
National Constitution Center. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://constitutioncenter.org/.
OConnor, K., & Sabato, L. (2019). American government: roots and reform. Columbus: Pearson.
Constitutional Convention and Ratification, 1787–1789 (n.d.). Retrieved from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/convention-and-ratification.
The Bill of Rights: A Transcription. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript.
The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript.
Timeline of the War for Independence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/waro/learn/historyculture/timeline-of-the-war-for-independence.htm.
 

nursing hw

Assessment of Respiratory Status (graded)

Please review the video on the assignments page under the discussion section as it will provide you with an opportunity to immerse yourself in the role of a nurse addressing tobacco use during routine patient care. In doing so, reflect on what you have learned about tobacco use and the role that nurses and other interdisciplinary team members play in helping to assist tobacco users with quitting. While viewing, it is also important to keep in mind that tobacco users move through stages of change in the process of quitting. They move from pre-contemplation to contemplation, contemplation to preparation; preparation to abstinence; abstinence to maintenance. Every stage requires a different strategy by a nurse.

After watching the video, and reflecting on the information presented, address each of the following questions.

1. What are the common symptoms associated with an exacerbation of COPD?
2. What assessment techniques will you use to assess Mary?
3. Identify smoking strategies that would be appropriate for each of the encounters that Mary had with the nurse throughout the video that could have been used to assist Mary in quitting smoking.
4. Find a resource in your community that could assist Mary. Start by searching the Internet for your local health department’s website. What services are available to Mary? Briefly describe the services that the state quit line provides. Does it meet the 4 As? Is it accessible, acceptable, affordable, or available for Mary?
5. What will you do to follow-up on Mary’s smoking cessation process?